tion of these Mammals; but we know that
hardly any Mammalian species has become extinct during the historical
period.

4. The extinct Mammals with which man coexisted are referable in
many cases to species which presumably required a very different
climate to that now prevailing in Western Europe. How long a
period, however, has been consumed in the bringing about of the
climatic changes thus indicated, we have no means of calculating
with any approach to accuracy.

5. Some of the deposits in which the remains of man have been
found associated with the bones of extinct Mammals, are such as
to show incontestably that great changes in the physical geography
and surface-configuration of Western Europe have taken place
since the period of their accumulation. We have, however, no
means at present of judging of the lapse of time thus indicated
except by analogies and comparisons which may be disputed.

6. The human implements which are associated with the remains
of extinct Mammals, themselves bear evidence of an exceedingly
barbarous condition of the human species. Post-Pliocene or
"Palaeolithic" Man was clearly unacquainted with the use of any
of the metals. Not only so, but the workmanship of these ancient
races was much inferior to that of the later tribes, who were also
ignorant of the metals, and who also used nothing but weapons
and tools of stone, bone, &c.

7. Lastly, it is only with the human remains of the Post-Pliocene
period that the palaeontologist proper has to deal. When we enter
the "Recent" period, in which the remains of Man are associated
with those of _existing species of Mammals_, we pass out of the
region of pure palaeontology into the domain of the Archaeologist
and the Ethnologist.

LITERATURE.

The following are some of the principal works and memoirs to which
the student may refer for information as to the Post-Pliocene
deposits and the remains which they contain, as well as to the
primitive races of mankind:--

(1) 'Elements of Geology.' Lyell.
(2) 'Antiquity of Man.' Lyell.
(3) 'Palaeontological Memoirs.' Falconer.
(4) 'The Great Ice-age.' James Geikie.
(5) 'Manual of Palaeontology.' Owen.
(6) 'British Fossil Mammals and Birds.' Owen.
(7) 'Cave-Hunting.' Boyd Dawkins.
(8) 'Prehistoric Times.' Lubbock.
(9) 'Ancient Stone Implements.' Evans.
(10) 'Prehistoric Man.' Daniel Wilson.
(11) 'Prehistoric Races of the United States.' Foster.
(12) 'Manual of Geology.' Dana.
(13) '