hereby lost.

[5] At the Peace Congress at Bern in 1869, Bakunin defended
himself against the reproach of Communist tendencies, saying:
"I abominate Communism, because it is a denial of freedom,
and I cannot understand anything human without freedom. I am
no Communist, because Communism concentrates all the forces
of society in the State, and lets them be absorbed by it,
because it necessarily results in the centralisation of
property in the hands of the State; whereas I wish to do away
with the State, to utterly root out the principle of the
authority and guardianship of the State, which, under the
pretence of improving and idealising men, has hitherto
enslaved, oppressed, exploited, and ruined them. I wish for
the organisation of society and of collective and social
property from below upwards, by means of free association,
and not from above downwards by means of authority, be it
what it may. In demanding the abolition of the State, I mean
to abolish the inheritance of property by an individual,
_i. e._, of property that is only a matter of the State's
arrangement, and is only a consequence of the principle of
the State itself. In this sense I am a Collectivist and by no
means a Communist."

This irreconcilable contradiction between Anarchism and Collectivism
decided Kropotkin to give up the latter entirely, and to set up in its
stead Anarchist Communism, thus attaching himself to the lines already
indicated by Hess and Gruen. He criticised unsparingly (in _La Conquete
du Pain_ and _Le Salariat_) every system of reward or wages, whether
based on Saint-Simon's principle of "To each according to his
capacity, and to every capacity according to its results"; or on
Proudhon's rule, "to each according to his powers, to each according
to his needs." With the reward of labour he rejects the period of
labour, possession even in the form of Collective possession, and also
the payment of labour (_les bons du travail_), equally with other
forms of property, capital, or exploitation. He even attacks the
theory of the full result of labour that ought to accrue to every
labourer, this most stalwart hobby-horse of Socialism. "It would mean
the annihilation of the race," he says, "if the mother would not
sacrifice her life to save the life of her children; if man would not
give where he could expect no recompense."

Kropotkin's motto, that has