obable
that the changing status of women will render the attitude he expresses
more and more common among men.

[84] _Ante_, p. 58.

[85] "Women then were queens," as Taine writes (_L'Ancien Regime_, Vol.
I, p. 219), and he gives references to illustrate the point.

[86] Goethe, _Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre_, Book II, ch. I.

[87] Havelock Ellis, _The Soul of Spain_, chap. III, "The Women of
Spain."

[88] Grete Meisel-Hess, _Die Sexuelle Krise_, 1909, pp. 148, 168.

[89] "La Morale Sexuelle," _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_,
January, 1907.

V

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A FALLING BIRTH-RATE

The Fall of the Birth-rate in Europe generally--In England--In
Germany--In the United States--In Canada--In Australasia--"Crude"
Birth-rate and "Corrected" Birth-rate--The Connection between High
Birth-rate and High Death-rate--"Natural Increase" measured by
Excess of Births over Deaths--The Measure of National
Well-being--The Example of Russia--Japan--China--The Necessity of
viewing the Question from a wide Standpoint--The Prevalence of
Neo-Malthusian Methods--Influence of the Roman Catholic
Church--Other Influences lowering the Birth-rate--Influence of
Postponement of Marriage--Relation of the Birth-rate to Commercial
and Industrial Activity--Illustrated by Russia, Hungary, and
Australia--The Relation of Prosperity to Fertility--The Social
Capillarity Theory--Divergence of the Birth-rate and the
Marriage-rate--Marriage-rate and the Movement of Prices--Prosperity
and Civilization--Fertility among Savages--The lesser Fertility of
Urban Populations--Effect of Urbanization on Physical
Development--Why Prosperity fails permanently to increase
Fertility--Prosperity creates Restraints on Fertility--The Process
of Civilization involves Decreased Fertility--In this Respect it is
a Continuation of Zoological Evolution--Large Families as a Stigma
of Degeneration--The Decreased Fertility of Civilization a General
Historical Fact--The Ideals of Civilization to-day--The East and
the West.

I

One of the most interesting phenomena of the early part of the
nineteenth century was the immense expansion of the people of the
so-called "Anglo-Saxon" race.[90] This expansion coincided with that
development of industrial and commercial activity which made the
English people, who had previously impressed foreigners as