ts surface is covered. It is several
miles from the mouth of Ponka creek and nearly opposite the month of
Choteau creek, South Dakota.

Implements Connected with Fire.

In former ages, the [|C]egiha made fire by rubbing or turning a stick
round and round between the hands. On the present Omaha reservation, and
in that region, the Omaha use elm roots for that purpose. In the country
called [P]izabahehe, near the source of Elkhorn river, there is a grass
known as "duaduahi," which has about a hundred fine shoots from each
root, which is half the size of the head. The stalk was used for hand
drills and fire sticks. One stalk was cut almost flat, and the man puts
his feet on the ends to steady them. Then, holding the other stick in
his hands, with one end touching the stalk on the ground, he turned it
round and round till the friction produced fire. Sometimes a small
quantity of dry sand was placed on the flat stick. The same flat stick
answered for several occasions. When the cavity made by turning the hand
drill became too large, the point of contact was shifted to another part
of the flat stick, and so on until the whole of that stick was used,
when it was thrown away and another was obtained. Duaduahi, according to
Mr. Francis La Flesche, may be found in Judiciary square, Washington,
District of Columbia. After the coming of the white man, but before the
introduction of friction matches, which are now used by the whole tribe,
the Omaha used flints and tinder for making fire.

Spits for roasting, etc., naqpe, or webasna^{n}, were made of any kind
of wood.

For tongs they used the [p]edi[|c]a[|c]isande ("fire-holder"), made by
slitting one end of a stick. This implement was also called, ja^{n}
jinga nini ibista ("the stick that presses the fire against the
tobacco"), because it was used for lighting pipes.

Smoking Paraphernalia.

[Illustration: Fig. 315.--Omaha calumet]

The pipes in use among the Omaha are of three kinds: the sacred pipe
(niniba waqube, mysterious pipe), including the war pipes and those used
by the chiefs in making peace; the niniba weawa^{n} or calumet
(illustrated in figure 315), used in the calumet dance or dance of
adoption,[1] and the hatchet pipe or ma^{n}zepe niniba, introduced since
the coming of the white man. One form of the pipe used on ordinary
Tobacco pouches (niniujiha) were made of deer or antelope skin, and
were ornamented with porcupine quills or a fringe of deerskin. Somet