the consideration of the
distribution of plants on the earth's surface (see PLANTS:
_Distribution_).

6. Palaeontology, the study of the fossils found in the various strata
of which the earth is composed (see PALAEOBOTANY).

7. Ecology or Oecology, the study of plants in relation to each other
and to their environment (see PLANTS: _Ecology_).

Besides these departments which deal with Botany as a science, there are
various applications of botany, such as forestry (see FORESTS AND
FORESTRY), agriculture (q.v.), horticulture (q.v.), and materia medica
(for use in medicine; see the separate articles on each plant).
(A. B. R.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Morison, _Pradudia Botanica_ (1672); _Plantarum Historia
Universalis_ (1680).

[2] Rivinus (Augustus Quirinus) paterno nomine Bachmann, _Introductio
genetatis in Rem Herbariam_ (Lipsiae, 1690).

[3] Tournefort, _Elemens de botanique_ (1694); _Institutiones Rei
Herbariae_ (1700).

BOTANY BAY, an inlet on the coast of Cumberland county, New South Wales,
Australia, 5 m. south of the city of Sydney. On its shore is the
township of Botany, forming a suburb of Sydney, with which it is
connected by a tramway. It was first visited by Captain Cook in 1770,
who landed at a spot marked by a monument, and took possession of the
territory for the crown. The bay received its name from Joseph Banks,
the botanist of the expedition, on account of the variety of its flora.
When, on the revolt of the New England colonies, the convict
establishments in America were no longer available (see DEPORTATION and
NEW SOUTH WALES), the attention of the British government, then under
the leadership of Pitt, was turned to Botany Bay; and in 1787 Commodore
Arthur Phillip was commissioned to form a penal settlement there.
Finding, on his arrival, however, that the locality was ill suited for
such a purpose, he removed northwards to the site of the present city of
Sydney. The name of Botany Bay seems to have struck the popular fancy,
and continued to be used in a general way for any convict establishment
in Australia. The transportation of criminals to New South Wales was
discontinued in 1840.

BOTHA, LOUIS (1862- ), Boer general and statesman, was the son of one
of the "Voortrekkers," and was born on the 27th of September 1862 at
Greytown (Natal). He saw active service in savage warfare, and in 1887
served as a field-cornet. Subsequently he settled in the Vryheid
di