person who stammers, with the movements of the corresponding
parts, while speaking, in an individual who has no such impediment.

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613. Is repetition essential to distinct articulation? What method is
suggested in teaching a child to articulate letters or words? Give
observation 1st. Observation 2d. 614. Are the vocal organs wanting in
stammerers? Why the defect in their articulation of words?

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615. Surgical operations and medical treatment are not highly
advantageous in a majority of these cases. In the young and middle
aged, this defect can be remedied by _patient_ and judicious training.
At first, only those letters and words should be spoken that can be
articulated with distinctness. Let there be repetition, until the
words can be spoken at any time with readiness. Then take for a lesson
other words, more difficult to articulate; and pursue a similar
process of training and repetition, until every part of the vocal
organs can be called into a ready and harmonious action in giving
utterance to any word in common use.

616. _The method of removing foreign bodies from the throat._ It is
not necessary to ascertain which passage the foreign body is in, for
the immediate treatment ought in either case to be the same. Some
person should place one hand on the front of the chest of the
sufferer, and, with the other, give two or three smart blows upon the
back, allowing a few seconds to intervene between them. This treatment
will generally be successful, and cause the substance to be violently
thrown from the throat.

_Observation._ If the foreign body passes into the larynx violent
spasmodic coughing immediately succeeds, which continues until it is
removed or life is extinct. Such cases demand the prompt opening of
the trachea below the larynx by a skilful surgeon.

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615. How can stammering be remedied? 616. What is the method of
removing foreign bodies from the throat?

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CHAPTER XXXI.

THE SKIN.

617. The skin is a membrane which envelops the muscles and other parts
of the system. In youth, and in females particularly, it is smooth,
soft, and elastic. In middle age, and in males, it is firm and rough
to the touch. In old age, in persons who are emaciated, and about the
flexions of the joints, it is thrown into folds. The interior of the
body, like the exterior, is covered by a skin, which, f