pon Italy; and, indeed, he had become more humiliated and dejected
by his misfortunes than any one could have expected in a man who had
devoted so much of his life to study and learning. And yet he often
desired his friends not to call him orator, but philosopher, because
he had made philosophy his business, and had only used rhetoric as an
instrument for attaining his objects in public life.

Clodius, having thus driven away Cicero, fell to burning his
farm-buildings and villas, and afterwards his city house, and built on
the site of it a temple to Liberty. The rest of his property he exposed
for sale by daily proclamation, but nobody came to buy. By this course
he became formidable to the noble citizens, and, being followed by the
commonalty, whom he had filled with insolence and licentiousness,
he began at last to try his strength against Pompey, some of whose
arrangements in the countries he conquered, he attacked. The disgrace
of this made Pompey begin to reproach himself for his cowardice in
deserting Cicero, and, changing his mind, he now wholly set himself with
his friends to contrive his return. And when Clodius opposed it, the
senate made a vote that no public measure should be ratified or passed
by them till Cicero was recalled. But when Lentulus was consul, the
commotions grew so high upon this matter, that the tribunes were wounded
in the Forum, and Quintus, Cicero's brother, was left as dead, lying
unobserved amongst the slain. The people began to change in their
feelings; and Annius Milo, one of their tribunes, was the first who had
the courage to summon Clodius to trial for acts of violence. Many of
the common people in Rome and the neighboring cities formed a party with
Pompey, who headed them in person, drove Clodius out of the Forum, and
summoned the people to pass their vote. And, it is said, the people
never passed any suffrage more unanimously than this. The senate, also,
striving to outdo the people, sent letters of thanks to those cities
which had received Cicero with respect in his exile, and decreed that
his house and his country-places, which Clodius had destroyed, should be
rebuilt at the public charge.

Thus Cicero returned sixteen months after his exile, and the cities were
so glad, and the people so zealous to meet him, that his boast, that
Italy had brought him on her shoulders home to Rome, was rather less
than the truth. And Crassus himself, who had been his enemy before his
exile, wen