is is the first invasion of Italy from the French side of
the Alps that is recorded, and it has often been repeated.]

[Footnote 72: The modern Sea of Azoff.]

[Footnote 73: The Greek is [Greek: phuge], which hardly admits of
explanation, though Coraes has explained it. I have followed Kaltwasser
in adopting Reiske's conjecture of [Greek: phule].]

[Footnote 74: It is stated by Mannert (_Geographie der Griechen und
Roemer_, Pt. iii. 410), that the term Hercynian forest was not always
used by the ancients to denote the same wooded tract. At this time a
great part of Germany was probably covered with forest. Caesar (_Gallic
War_, vi. 24) describes it as extending from the country of the
Helvetii (who lived near the lake of Geneva) apparently in a general
east or north-east direction, but his description is not clear. He
says that the forest had been traversed in its length for sixty days
without an end being come to.]

[Footnote 75: Plutarch's description is literally translated; it shows
that there was a confused notion of the long days and nights in the
arctic regions. Herodotus (iv. 25) and Tacitus in his _Agricola_ have
some vague talk of the like kind.]

[Footnote 76: The passage in Homer is in the 11th Book, v. 14, &c.
This Book is entitled Necyia [Greek: nekyia], which is the word that
Plutarch uses; it literally signifies an offering or sacrifice by
which the shades of the dead are called up from the lower world to
answer questions that are put to them.]

[Footnote 77: In B.C. 113 the Romans first heard of the approach of
the Cimbri and Teutones. Cn. Papirius Carbo, one of the consuls of
this year, was defeated by them in Illyricum (part of Stiria), but
they did not cross the Alps. In B.C. 109 the consul M. Junius Silanus
was defeated by the Cimbri, who demanded of the Roman Senate lands to
settle in: the demand was refused. In B.C. 107 the consul L. Cassius
Longinus fell in battle against the Galli Tigurini, who inhabited a
part of Switzerland, and his army was sent under the yoke. This was
while his colleague Marius was carrying on the campaign against
Jugurtha in Africa. In B.C. 105 Cn. Manlius Maximus, the consul, and
Q. Servilius Caepio, proconsul, who had been consul in B.C. 106, were
defeated by the Cimbri with immense slaughter, and lost both their
camps. The name of Manlius is written Mallius in the Fasti Consulares,
ed. Baiter.]

[Footnote 78: Scipio Africanus the younger was elected consul B.C.