t on the inside was by one
hundred six steps, and the windows, in the sides, fifty-six; the
sculpture and the other ornaments were of the same nature as those of
the first, and on the top stood a colossal statue of the emperor, naked,
as appears from his coins.

Both of these columns are still standing at Rome; the former almost
entire: but Pope Sixtus the first, instead of the two statues of the
emperors, set up St. Peter's on the column of Trajan, and St. Paul's on
that of Antoninus.

There was likewise a gilded pillar in the forum, called the _milliarium
aureum_, erected by Augustus Caesar, at which all the highways of Italy
met and were concluded; from this they counted their miles, at the end
of every mile setting up a stone, whence came the phrase _primus ab urbe
pisla_.

But the most remarkable was the _columna rostrata_, set up to the honor
of Caius Duilius, when he had gained a victory over the Carthaginian and
Sicilian fleets, four hundred ninety-three years from the foundation of
the city, and adorned with the beaks of the vessels taken in the
engagement. This is still to be seen at Rome; the inscription on the
basis is a noble example of the old way of writing, in the early times
of the commonwealth.

Trophies were spoils taken from the enemy, and fixed upon any thing as
signs or monuments of victory: they were erected usually in the place
where it was gained and consecrated to some divinity, with an
inscription.

CHAPTER X.

_Bagnios, Aqueducts, Sewers and public Ways._

The Romans expended immense sums of money on their bagnios. The most
remarkable were those of the emperors Dioclesian and Antonius
Caracalla--great part of which are standing at this time, and with the
high arches, the beautiful and stately pillars, the abundance of foreign
marble, the curious vaulting of the roofs, and the prodigious number of
spacious apartments, may be considered among the greatest curiosities of
Rome.

The first invention of aqueducts, is attributed to Appius Claudius, four
hundred forty-one years from the foundation of the city, who brought
water into the city, by a channel of eleven miles in length--but
afterwards several others of greater magnitude were built: several of
them were cut through the mountains, and all other impediments for about
forty miles together, and of such a height that a man on horseback might
ride through them without the least difficulty. But this is meant only
of the consta