liation, (_talio_,)
infamy, (_ignominia_,) banishment, (_exilium_,) slavery, (_servitus_,)
and death.

The methods of inflicting death were various; the chief were--beheading
(_percussio securi_), strangling in prison (_strangulatio_), throwing a
criminal from that part of the prison called Robur (_precipitatio de
robore_), throwing a criminal from the Tarpeian rock (_dejectio e rupe
Tarpeia_), crucifixion (_in crucem actio_), and throwing into the river
(_projectio in profluentem_).

The last-mentioned punishment was inflicted upon parricides, or the
murderers of any relation. So soon as any one was convicted of such
crimes, he was immediately blindfolded as unworthy of the light, and in
the next place whipped with rods. He was then sewed up in a sack, and
thrown into the sea. In after times, to add to the punishment, a serpent
was put in the sack; and still later, an ape, a dog, and a cock. The
sack which held the malefactor was called _Culeus_, on which account the
punishment itself is often signified by the same name.

In the time of Nero, the punishment for treason was, to be stripped
stark naked, and with the head held up by a fork to be whipped to death.

CHAPTER XIX.

_The Roman Dress._

The ordinary garments of the Romans were the _toga_ and the _tunic_.

The _toga_ was a loose woollen robe, of a semicircular form, without
sleeves, open from the waist upwards, but closed from thence downwards,
and surrounding the limbs as far as the middle of the leg. The upper
part of the vest was drawn under the right arm, which was thus left
uncovered, and, passing over the left shoulder, was there gathered in a
knot, whence it fell in folds across the breast: this flap being tucked
into the girdle, formed a cavity which sometimes served as a pocket, and
was frequently used as a covering for the head. Its color was white,
except in case of mourning, when a black or dark color was worn. The
Romans were at great pains to adjust the toga and make it hang
gracefully.

It was at first worn by women as well as men--but afterwards matrons
wore a different robe, called _stola_, with a broad border or fringe,
reaching to the feet. Courtezans, and women condemned for adultery, were
not permitted to wear the _stola_--hence called _togatae_.

Roman citizens only were permitted to wear the _toga_, and banished
persons were prohibited the use of it. The _toga picta_ was so termed
from the rich embroidery with which it w