ion produced immense emotional relief.

Sadism generally has been especially studied by Lacassagne,
_Vacher l'Eventreur et les Crimes Sadiques_, 1899. Zooesadism, or
sadism toward animals, has been dealt with by P. Thomas, "Le
Sadisme sur les Animaux," _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_,
Sept., 1903. Auto-sadism, or "auto-erotic cruelty," that is to
say, injuries inflicted on a person by himself with a sexual
motive, has been investigated by G. Bach (_Sexuelle Verrirungen
des Menschen und der Nature_, p. 427); this condition seems,
however, a form of algolagnia more masochistic than sadistic in
character.

With regard to the medico-legal aspects, Kiernan ("Responsibility
in Active Algophily," _Medicine_, April, 1903) sets forth the
reasons in favor of the full and complete responsibility of
sadists, and Harold Moyer comes to the same conclusion ("Is
Sexual Perversion Insanity?" _Alienist and Neurologist_, May,
1907). See also Thoinot's _Medico-legal Aspects of Moral
Offenses_ (edited by Weysse, 1911), ch. xviii. While we are
probably justified in considering the sadist as morally not
insane in the technical sense, we must remember that he is, for
the most part, highly abnormal from the outset. As Gaupp points
out (_Sexual-Probleme_, Oct., 1909, p. 797), we cannot measure
the influences which create the sadist and we must not therefore
attempt to "punish" him, but we are bound to place him in a
position where he will not injure society.

It is enough here to emphasize the fact that there is no solution of
continuity in the links that bind the absolutely normal manifestations of
sex with the most extreme violations of all human law. This is so true
that in saying that these manifestations are violations of all human law
we cannot go on to add, what would seem fairly obvious, that they are
violations also of all natural law. We have but to go sufficiently far
back, or sufficiently far afield, in the various zooelogical series to find
that manifestations which, from the human point of view, are in the
extreme degree abnormally sadistic here become actually normal. Among very
various species wounding and rending normally take place at or immediately
after coitus; if we go back to the beginning of animal life in the
protozoa sexual conjugation itself is sometimes found to present the
similitude, if not the actuality, of the c