mentioned that at Malaga,
after such a scene, the whole church was in the morning sprinkled
with blood. (Joseph Townsend, _A Journey through Spain in 1786_,
vol. i, p. 122; vol. iii, p. 15.)

Even to our own day religious self-flagellation is practised by
Spaniards in the Azores, in the darkened churches during Lent,
and the walls are often spotted and smeared with blood at this
time. (O.H. Howarth, "The Survival of Corporal Punishment,"
_Journal Anthropological Institute_, Feb., 1889.) In remote
districts of Spain (as near Haro in Rioja) there are also
brotherhoods who will flagellate themselves on Good Friday, but
not within the church. (Dario de Regoyos, _Espana Negra_, 1899,
p. 72.)

When we glance over the history of flagellation and realize that, though
whipping as a punishment has been very widespread and common, there have
been periods and lands showing no clear knowledge of any sexual
association of whipping, it becomes clear that whipping is not necessarily
an algolagnic manifestation. It seems evident that there must be special
circumstances, and perhaps a congenital predisposition, to bring out
definitely the relationship of flagellation to the sexual impulse. Thus,
Loewenfeld considers that only about 1 per cent, of people can be sexually
excited by flagellation of the buttocks,[112] and Naecke also is decidedly
of opinion that there can be no sexual pleasure in flagellation without
predisposition, which is rare.[113] On these grounds many are of opinion
that physical chastisement, provided it is moderate, seldom applied, and
only to children who are quite healthy and vigorous, need not be
absolutely prohibited.[114] But, however rare and abnormal a sexual
response to actual flagellation may be in adults, we shall see that the
general sexual association of whipping in the minds of children, and
frequently of their elders, is by; no means rare and scarcely abnormal.

What is the cause of the connection between sexual emotion and whipping? A
very simple physical cause has been believed by some to account fully for
the phenomena. It is known that strong stimulation of the gluteal region
may, especially under predisposing conditions, produce or heighten sexual
excitement, by virtue of the fact that both regions are supplied by
branches of the same nerve.

There is another reason why whipping should exert a sexual influence. As
Fere especially has pointed out,