f, but distinct, was the _vampire_, supposed
to be a dead person who rose from the dead to suck the blood of
the living during sleep. By way of reprisal the living dug up,
exorcised, and mutilated the supposed vampires. This was called
vampirism. The name vampire was then transferred to the living
person who had so treated a corpse. All profanation of the
corpse, whatever its origin, is now frequently called vampirism
(Epaulow, _Vampirisme_, These de Lyon, 1901; id., "Le Vampire du
Muy," _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, Sept., 1903). The
earliest definite reference to necrophily is in Herodotus, who
tells (bk. ii, ch. lxxxix) of an Egyptian who had connection with
the corpse of a woman recently dead. Epaulow gives various old
cases and, at full length, the case which he himself
investigated, of Ardisson, the "Vampire du Muy." W.A.F. Browne
also has an interesting article on "Necrophilism" (_Journal of
Mental Science_, Jan., 1875) which he regards as atavistic. When
there is, in addition, mutilation of the corpse, the condition is
termed necrosadism. There seems usually to be no true sadism in
either necrosadism or necrophilism. (See, however, Bloch,
_Beitraege_, vol. ii, p. 284 et seq.)

It must be said also that cases of rape followed by murder are
quite commonly not sadistic. The type of such cases is
represented by Soleilland, who raped and then murdered children.
He showed no sadistic perversion. He merely killed to prevent
discovery, as a burglar who is interrupted may commit murder in
order to escape. (E. Dupre, "L'Affaire Soleilland," _Archives
d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, Jan.-Feb., 1910.)

A careful and elaborate study of a completely developed sadist
has been furnished by Lacassagne, Rousset, and Papillon
("L'Affaire Reidal," _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_,
Oct.-Nov., 1907). Reidal, a youth of 18, a seminarist, was a
congenital sanguinary sadist who killed another youth and was
finally sent to an asylum. From the age of 4 he had voluptuous
ideas connected with blood and killing, and liked to play at
killing with other children. He was of infantile physical
development, with a pleasant, childish expression of face, very
religious, and hated obscenity and immorality. But the love of
blood and murder was an irresistible obsession and its
gratificat