of anti-Bolshevik Russians they seized control of most of
the Siberian railroad, and of parts of eastern Russia.

ALLIED INTERVENTION IN RUSSIA.--At last the Allied nations and the
United States decided that it was time to undertake military
intervention in Russia. This was carried out in two places. Bodies of
American and Japanese troops were landed on the east coast of Siberia to
cooeperate with the Czecho-Slovaks. The latter, thus reenforced, changed
their plans for leaving Russia and decided to fight for the Allied cause
where they were. They were encouraged by the fact that they were
recognized by the Allies and by the United States as an independent
nation.

Another small Allied army was landed on the north coast of Russia and
marched south against the Bolsheviki. Large parts of Russia north and
east of Moscow declared themselves free of Bolshevik rule. It was the
hope of the Allies that that rule--now marked by pillage, murder, and
famine--would shortly be overthrown and that a new Russia would rise and
take its place among the democracies of the world.

THE WESTERN FRONT.--Early in 1918, after the failure of the German
peace offensive in the west, rumors came from Germany of preparations
for a great military drive on the western front. The "iron fist" and the
"shining sword" were to break in the doors of those who opposed a
German-made peace. There were good reasons for such an attack in the
spring of 1918. Germany had withdrawn many troops from the east, where
they were no longer needed to check the Russians. Further, although a
few American troops had reached France, it was thought that not many
could be sent over before the fall of 1918, and the full weight of
America's force could not be exerted before the summer of 1919. It was
to Germany's interest to crush France and England before the power of
the American nation was thrown into the struggle against her.

GERMANY'S NEW PLAN OF ATTACK.--The German military leaders therefore
determined to stake everything upon one grand offensive on the western
front while their own force was numerically superior to that of the
Allies. Their expectation of victory in what they proudly called the
"Kaiser's battle," was based not only upon the possession of greater
numbers, but also upon the introduction of new methods of fighting which
would overcome the old trench warfare. The new methods comprised three
principal features.

In the first place, much greater use was m