l more wells or it
will run out of water. (This ignores the possibility of water
pipelines, river dams, desalinization, etc.)

4. Cause and effect fallacies -- two kinds:

A. Single cause fallacy -- The streets are wet, therefore it has
been snowing. (This discounts other causes like rain.)

B. Guilt by association -- He has a friend that is a Japanese,
therefore he must be Japanese in his soul.

* * * * *

Emotional Fallacies. (These are intended make a person fear loss of
friendship.)[8]

1. Generalization-Everyone is doing it.

2. Snob Appeal -- A special thing for a special group: Heroes
wear only Hot Stuff clothes.

3. Loaded Language -- Emotionally connotative terms of derision: He is
a "Mutt." (Not only a dog but also a worthless cur.)

4. Name Calling -- This is often used to discredit someone.
It is also often a problem evasion rather than a problem solving
strategy that uses:

i. Sarcasm.

ii. Cynicism.

* * * * *

Credibility Fallacies.

Credibility fallacies are those in which uncertified people present
themselves as experts: the famous actor dressed as a doctor
recommending a certain medicine. The actor is not a trained
professional and has no professional credibility.

Fact And Opinion.

Certain keywords can be often be used to differentiate facts from
opinions.

1. Generalizations. All inclusive or all exclusive terms that usually
have exceptions: everyone, everything, no one, never, always:

It always rains in the summertime. (This does not take into account
long droughts or geographic locations where rain rarely falls.)

Everyone drives a Ford.

2. Statements about the future:

We will never go there.

3. Statements of opinion:

It seems to me.

In my opinion.

4. Statements using the emphatic "to be" words. Is, are, was, were,
etc. are often facts that can be proven either true or false, but are
not necessarily as true as the "is" implies.

He is a genius.

For the purpose of gathering information in problem solving, facts are
statements that can be readily verified as true or false; opinions
cannot be quickly verified. In problem solving, the practical ability
to prove something true without a great deal of effort is the key to
practical truth. A statement that might merely hold the possibility of
being proven true is, for all practical purposes, an opinion until it
is pro