e domino theory deception makes the claim that if one thing happens
another will invariably follow.

"If South Vietnam falls to the Communists, every other nation in
Southeast Asia will follow, including Australia."

* The "two wrongs make a right" deception.

"It is all right to execute prisoners because South Africa does it
too."

Emotional tactics.

* The "attack the speaker" diversion.

This fallacy is known as the Ad Hominem fallacy.

"The mayor proposes opening a day care center for city hall employees.
The mayor was once divorced. The mayor is not competent to make family
decisions."

The mayor's willingness to please his employees and his administrative
competence are diverted with a personal attack.

* The "commonly accepted practice" deception.

This deception often is designed to make an action seem biased or
prejudicial.

"It is common practice to replace computers in business every five
years. The military even has a policy to that effect ."

* The "appeal to pity" tactic.

"If welfare recipients are required to work, many recipients will not
be able to watch television as much."

* The "infallible truth or cliche" deception.
"This meal is not well seasoned.
Too many cooks spoil the soup."

The emotional tactics often include cynicism or sarcasm and are used
to belittle the other person. The emotional tactics are often used to
make another person feel worthless and unloved.

* * * * *

Argumentative Fallacies.

1. Critical Thinking and Reasoning: A Handbook for Teachers. Albany:
The University of the State of New York, 1976.

* * * * *

REFERENCES.

Research Skills.

Edwards, Betty. _Drawing on The Right Side of The Brain_. Los Angeles:
Tarcher, Inc., 1979.

Lucas, Jerry and Harry Lorayne. _The Memory Book_. New York:
Ballantine Books, 1974.

Mindil, Phyllis. _Power Reading_. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentise Hall,
1993.

Minninger, Joan. _Total Recall -- How to Boost Your Memory Power_.
Emmaus, Pa: Rodale Press, 1984.

_Neural mechanisms of learning and memory_. Mark R. Rosenzweig and
Edward L. Bennett, eds. Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press, 1976.

Robinson, Francis P. _Effective Studying_. 4th ed. New York: Harper
and Row, 1970.

Spense, Jonathan D. _The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci_. New
York: Penquin Books, 1984.

Spitzer, Herbert F. "Studies in Retention." _Journal of Educational
Psychology_. Vol. XXX (Dec. 1930) No. 9.

* * * * *

Practical Problem