[Footnote 11: Compare _Brihad [=A]ran. Up_. 6. 3. 7.]

[Footnote 12: This is the _karma_ or _sams[=a]ra_ doctrine.]

[Footnote 13: In J.U.B. alone have we noticed the formula
asserting that 'both being and not-being existed in the
beginning' (1. 53. 1; JAOS. XVI. 130).]

[Footnote 14: Opposed is 3. 19. 1 and _T[=a]itt. Up_. 2. 7.
1 (_Br_. II. 2. 9. 1, 10): "Not-being was here in the
beginning. From it arose being." And so _Cat. Br_. VI. 1. 1.
1 (though in word only, for here not-being is the seven
spirits of God!)]

[Footnote 15: As the Vedic notion of not-being existing
before being is refuted, so the Atharvan homage to Time as
Lord is also derided (_Cvet._ 6) in the Upanishads. The
supreme being is above time, as he is without parts (_ib_.).
In this later Upanishad wisdom, penance, and the grace of
God are requisite to know _brahma_.]

[Footnote 16: This Vedic [Greek: Adgos] doctrine is
conspicuous in the Br[=a]hmana. Compare _Cat. Br_. VII. 5.
2. 21: "V[=a]c ([Greek: Adgos]) is the Unborn one; from
V[=a]c the all-maker made creatures." See Weber, _Ind.
Stud_. IX. 477 ff.]

[Footnote 17: Compare J.U.B. i. 56. 1, 'Water (alone)
existed in the beginning.' This is the oldest and latest
Hindu explanation of the matter of the physical universe.
From the time of the Vedas to mediaeval times, as is
recorded by the Greek travellers, water is regarded as the
original element.]

[Footnote 18: The Gandh[=a]ra might indicate a late
geographical expansion as well as an early heritage, so that
this is not conclusive.]

[Footnote 19: Gough, _Philosophy of the Upanishads_, has
sought to show that the pure Vedantism of Cankara is the
only belief taught in the Upanishads, ignoring the weight of
those passages that oppose his (in our view) too sweeping
assertion.]

[Footnote 20: See the Parimara described, _[=A]it. Br_.
VIII. 28. Here _brahma_ is wind, around which die five
divinities--lightning in rain, rain in moon, moon in sun,
sun in fire, fire in wind--and they are reborn in reverse
order. The 'dying' is used as a curse. The king shall say,
'When fire dies in wind then may my foe die,' and he will
die; so when any of the other gods dies around _brahma_.]

[Footnote 21: Compare sterben, starve.]

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