aina literature cannot be placed
earlier than about 300 B.C." (Jacobi, Introduction to _Jain
S[=u]tras_, pp. xxxvii, xliii). The present Angas
('divisions') were preceded by P[=u]rvas, of which there are
said to have been at first fourteen. On the number of the
scriptures see Weber, _loc. cit_.]

[Footnote 34: Williams, _loc. cit._ The prayer-formula is:
'Reverence to Arhats, saints, teachers, subteachers, and all
good men.']

[Footnote 35: 'A place which is appropriated for the
reception of old, worn-out, lame, or disabled animals. At
that time (1823) they chiefly consisted of buffaloes and
cows, but there were also goats and sheep, and even cocks
and hens,' and also 'hosts of vermin.']

[Footnote 36: JRAS. 1834, p. 96. The town was taxed to
provide the food for the rats.]

[Footnote 37: Because the Jains have reverted to idolatry,
demonology, and man-worship. But at the outset they appear
to have had two great principles, one, that there is no
divine power higher than man; the other, that all life is
sacred. One of these is now practically given up, and the
other was always taken too seriously.]

* * * * *

CHAPTER XIII.

BUDDHISM.

While the pantheistic believer proceeded to anthropomorphize in a
still greater degree the _[=a]tm[=a]_ of his fathers, and eventually
landed in heretical sectarianism; while the orthodox Brahman simply
added to his pantheon (in Manu and other law-codes) the Brahmanic
figure of the Creator, Brahm[=a]; the truth-seeker that followed the
lines of the earlier philosophical thought arrived at atheism, and in
consequence became either stoic or hedonist. The latter school, the
C[=a]rv[=a]kas, the so-called disciples of Brihaspati, have, indeed, a
philosophy without religion. They simply say that the gods do not
exist, the priests are hypocrites; the Vedas, humbug; and the only
thing worth living for, in view of the fact that there are no gods, no
heaven, and no soul, is pleasure: 'While life remains let a man live
happily; let him not go without butter (literally _ghee_) even though
he run into debt,' etc.[1] Of sterner stuff was the man who invented a
new religion as a solace for sorrow and a refuge from the nihilism in
which he believed.

Whether Jainism or Buddhism be the older heresy, and it is not
probable that any definitive answer to