lies--Concluding Remarks--Appendix
on the Birds of Celebes

_Pages_ 450-470

CHAPTER XXI

ANOMALOUS ISLANDS: NEW ZEALAND

Position and Physical Features of New Zealand--Zoological Character of New
Zealand--Mammalia--Wingless Birds Living and Extinct--Recent Existence of
the Moa--Past Changes of New Zealand deduced from its Wingless Birds--Birds
and Reptiles of New Zealand--Conclusions from the Peculiarities of the New
Zealand Fauna

_Pages_ 471-486

{xviii}

CHAPTER XXII

THE FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND: ITS AFFINITIES AND PROBABLE ORIGIN

Relations of the New Zealand Flora to that of Australia--General Features
of the Australian Flora--The Floras of South-eastern and South-western
Australia--Geological Explanation of the Differences of these Two
Floras--The Origin of the Australian Element in the New Zealand
Flora--Tropical Character of the New Zealand Flora Explained--Species
Common to New Zealand and Australia mostly Temperate Forms--Why Easily
Dispersed Plants have often Restricted Ranges--Summary and Conclusion on
the New Zealand Flora

_Pages_ 487-508

CHAPTER XXIII

ON THE ARCTIC ELEMENT IN SOUTH TEMPERATE FLORAS

European Species and Genera of Plants in the Southern
Hemisphere--Aggressive Power of the Scandinavian Flora--Means by which
Plants have Migrated from North to South--Newly Moved Soil as Affording
Temporary Stations to Migrating Plants--Elevation and Depression of the
Snow-line as Aiding the Migration of Plants--Changes of Climate Favourable
to Migration--The Migration from North to South has been Long going
on--Geological Changes as Aiding Migration--Proofs of Migration by way of
the Andes--Proofs of Migration by way of the Himalayas and Southern
Asia--Proofs of Migration by way of the African Highlands--Supposed
Connection of South Africa and Australia--The Endemic Genera of Plants in
New Zealand--The Absence of Southern Types from the Northern
Hemisphere--Concluding Remarks on the New Zealand and South Temperate
Floras

_Pages_ 509-530

CHAPTER XXIV

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The Present Volume is the Development and Application of a
Theory--Statement of the Biological and Physical Causes of
Dispersal--Investigation of the Facts of Dispersal--Of the Means of
Dispersal--Of Geographical Changes Affecting Dispersal--Of Climatal Changes
Affecting Dispersal--The Glacial Epoch and its Causes--Alleged Ancient
Glacial Epochs--Warm Polar Climates and their Causes--Conclusions as to
Geologica