ties of the Borneo Fauna--Java, its Position and
Physical Features--General Character of the Fauna of Java--Differences
Between the Fauna of Java and that of the other Malay Islands--Special
Relations of the Javan Fauna to that of the Asiatic Continent--Past
Geographical Changes of Java and Borneo--The Philippine Islands--Concluding
Remarks on the Malay Islands

_Pages_ 373-390

CHAPTER XVIII

JAPAN AND FORMOSA

Japan, its Position and Physical Features--Zoological Features of
Japan--Mammalia--Birds--Birds Common to Great Britain and Japan--Birds
Peculiar to Japan--Japan Birds Recurring in Distant
Areas--Formosa--Physical Features of Formosa--Animal Life of
Formosa--Mammalia--Land Birds Peculiar to Formosa--Formosan Birds Recurring
in India or Malaya--Comparison of Faunas of Hainan, Formosa, and
Japan--General Remarks on Recent Continental Islands

_Pages_ 391-410

{xvii}

CHAPTER XIX

ANCIENT CONTINENTAL ISLANDS: THE MADAGASCAR GROUP

Remarks on Ancient Continental Islands--Physical Features of
Madagascar--Biological Features of Madagascar--Mammalia--Reptiles--Relation
of Madagascar to Africa--Early History of Africa and Madagascar--Anomalies
of Distribution and how to Explain Them--The Birds of Madagascar as
Indicating a Supposed Lemurian Continent--Submerged Islands Between
Madagascar and India--Concluding Remarks on "Lemuria"--The Mascarene
Islands--The Comoro Islands--The Seychelles Archipelago--Birds of the
Seychelles--Reptiles and Amphibia--Fresh-water Fishes--Land
Shells--Mauritius, Bourbon, and Rodriguez--Birds--Extinct Birds and their
Probable Origin--Reptiles--Flora of Madagascar and the Mascarene
Islands--Curious Relations of Mascarene Plants--Endemic Genera of Mauritius
and Seychelles--Fragmentary Character of the Mascarene Flora--Flora of
Madagascar Allied to that of South Africa--Preponderance of Ferns in the
Mascarene Flora--Concluding Remarks on the Madagascar Group

_Pages_ 411-449

CHAPTER XX

ANOMALOUS ISLANDS: CELEBES

Anomalous Relations of Celebes--Physical Features of the Island--Zoological
Character of the Islands Around Celebes--The Malayan and Australian
Banks--Zoology of Celebes: Mammalia--Probable Derivation of the Mammals of
Celebes--Birds of Celebes--Bird-types Peculiar to Celebes--Celebes not
Strictly a Continental Island--Peculiarities of the Insects of
Celebes--Himalayan Types of Birds and Butterflies in Celebes--Peculiarities
of Shape and Colour of Celebesian Butterf