iminal cast upon the features is not
sufficient evidence to account for an inherited tendency towards crime.
Dr Manouvrier insists that Lombroso's theory that the criminal is born
and not made is based upon the exploded science of phrenology, and
declares that all the anatomical distinctions and physicological
characteristics quoted by Lombroso are to be found among honest men as
well as among criminals. The fact that a greater proportion are found
among criminals to his mind proves nothing.

[There is not vast difference between normal and abnormal persons
possessing these peculiarities. In Lombroso's work "The Female Offender"
he notices:--

Normal Women Criminal Women
Receding foreheads 8 per cent. 11 per cent.
Enormous lower jaws 9 " 15 "
Projecting cheek bones 14 " 19.9 "
Murderesses 30 "
" ears 6 " 9.2 "
Flat nose 40 " Thieves 20 "

Gradenigo (quoted by Lombroso) gives the following table showing the
peculiarities of the ears of 245 criminals as compared with 14,000
normal women:--

Normal Criminal
Regular external ear 65 per cent. 54 per cent.
Sessile ear 12 " 20 "
Scaphoid fossa prolonged
to lobe 8.2 " 21.2 "
Projecting ears 3.1 " 5.3 "
Prominent anti-helix 11.5 " 14.2 "
Darwin's tubercle 3 " 2.9 "

Other anthropometrists notice different proportions.]

If Lombroso's theory, that a man was born a criminal, was to be taken as
the rule, Manouvrier declares that it must then be universal, and that
men thus born must inevitably commit crime. If it be a rule then it must
operate in all classes, and since it does not so operate, proof is given
that it is not the rule. Manouvrier declares that the man possessed of
characteristics the very opposite of Lombroso's criminal, if subjected
to the conditions, influences, and temptations, which lead to crime
would as likely commit crime as he who possessed all the characteristics
which Lombroso describes as typical. Manouvrier regards the social life
of a person from childhood as being the most important factor in
moulding character. He emphatically denies that there is in