the men committed to his charge had their place in the
redemption of the world.

Maconochie's humane method of dealing with the criminals of Norfolk
Island attracted his attention, and from Maconochie's mark system he
evolved the now famous indeterminate sentence.

When the New York State established a Reformatory at Elmira, Mr Brockway
was placed in charge and given practically a free hand in the adoption
of such methods as he deemed most likely to effect the permanent reform
of the men committed to imprisonment there. A restriction was placed
upon the age of the offenders who should be admitted, the law reading
thus:--"A male between the ages of 16 and 30, convicted of felony, who
has not heretofore been convicted of a crime punishable by imprisonment
in a State prison, may, in the discretion of the trial court, be
sentenced to imprisonment in the New York State Reformatory at Elmira,
to be there confined under the provisions of the law relating to that
reformatory" (vide section 700 Penal Code).

This by no means implies that all the inmates are first offenders. Many
of them have been in juvenile reformatories, penitentiaries, and houses
of correction, so that in some cases a considerable advance in the
career of crime has been made before they are handed over to the
authorities at Elmira. Again, only felons are received, not minor
offenders.

The principles upon which the reformatory system is based are
practically those set forth in the declaration of the National Prison
Congress held in Cincinnati in 1870 as follows:--

1. Punishment is defined to be "suffering inflicted upon the
individual for the wrong done by him, with a special view of
securing his reformation."

2. "The supreme aim of prison discipline is THE
REFORMATION OF CRIMINALS, not the infliction of
VINDICTIVE suffering."

3. "The progressive classification of prisoners based on
character, and worked on some well adjusted mark system,
should be established in all prisons above the common gaol."

4. "Since hope is a more potent agent than fear, it should be
made an ever present force in the minds of the prisoners, by
a well devised and skilfully applied system of rewards for
good conduct, industry, attention to learning. Rewards, more
than penalties, are essential to every good prison system."

5. "The prisoner's destiny should be placed, measurably, in
his own