dairy breeds,
the Holstein, Jersey, Guernseys, French Canadian and Ayrshire are
leaders.

Shorthorns, Herefords, Polled Durhams are the best-known beef breeds.

While among the dual purpose breeds, Milking Shorthorns, Red Polls,
Brown Swiss and Devons have many admirers.

The indications when selecting dairy females, and important in the order
given, are: (1) Much length or depth in the barrel or coupling,
indicating a large possible consumption and utilization of food. (2)
Refinement of form, as evidenced more particularly in the head, neck,
withers, thighs, and limbs. (3) Good development of udder and milk
veins. (4) Constitution, as indicated by a capacious chest, much width
through the heart, a broad loin, a full, clear eye, and an active
carriage. (5) Downward and yet outward spring and open-spaced ribs,
covered with a soft, pliable and elastic skin.

The essential indications of correct form in beef cattle are: (1) A
compact form wide and deep throughout, and but moderately long in the
coupling. (2) A good back, wide from neck to tail, well fleshed, and
straight. (3) A good front quarter, wide, deep, and full. (4) A good
hind quarter, long, wide, and deep. (5) Good handling qualities, as
indicated in elastic flesh and pliant skin.

[Illustration: ~GUERNSEY COW~]

The important indications of good form in dual females are: (1) Medium
to large size for the breed or grade. (2) Good length and depth in the
coupling. (3) Good development of udder and milk veins. (4) Good
constitution, as indicated by good width through the heart. (5) Head and
neck inclining to long and fine. (6) Ribs of medium spring, open spaced,
and covered with a good handling skin. The dual types have an absence of
extreme development in the direction of either the dairy or the beef
form.

In males selected for breeding, the evidences of masculinity should be
markedly present. These include increased strength as shown in the head,
neck, breast, shoulders, back and limbs.

The advantage of having pure blood stock over "scrubs" is apparent. For
those, however, who want something better than scrubstock and cannot pay
the high price which pure blood commands, the ownership of grade cattle
offers a satisfactory solution of the problem.

Grading consists in mating thoroughbred sires with common females and
with the female progeny for a number of generations. Where the work is
wisely done by the use of good sires, accompanied by the rejection