it drugs to Western Europe
Economic aid:
US commitments, including Ex-Im (1990-92), $9.0 billion; other countries,
ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1988-92), $91 billion

*Russia, Economy

Currency:
1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks
Exchange rates:
rubles per US$1 - 415 (24 December 1992) but subject to wide fluctuations
Fiscal year:
calendar year

*Russia, Communications

Railroads:
158,100 km all 1.520-meter broad gauge; 86,800 km in common carrier service,
of which 48,900 km are diesel traction and 37,900 km are electric traction;
71,300 km serves specific industry and is not available for common carrier
use (31 December 1991)
Highways:
893,000 km total, of which 677,000 km are paved or gravelled and 216,000 km
are dirt; 456,000 km are for general use and are maintained by the Russian
Highway Corporation (formerly Russian Highway Ministry); the 437,000 km not
in general use are the responsibility of various other organizations
(formerly ministries); of the 456,000 km in general use, 265,000 km are
paved, 140,000 km are gravelled, and 51,000 km are dirt; of the 437,000 km
not in general use, 272,000 km are paved or gravelled and 165,000 are dirt
(31 December 1991)
Inland waterways:
total navigable routes 102,000 km; routes with navigation guides serving the
Russian River Fleet 97,300 km (including illumination and light reflecting
guides); routes with other kinds of navigational aids 34,300 km; man-made
navigable routes 16,900 km (31 December 1991)
Pipelines:
crude oil 72,500 km, petroleum products 10,600 km, natural gas 136,000 km
(1992)
Ports:
coastal - St. Petersburg (Leningrad), Kaliningrad, Murmansk, Petropavlovsk,
Arkhangel'sk, Novorossiysk, Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Kholmsk, Korsakov,
Magadan, Tiksi, Tuapse, Vanino, Vostochnyy, Vyborg; inland - Astrakhan',
Nizhniy Novgorod (Gor'kiy), Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Samara
(Kuybyshev), Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd
Merchant marine:
865 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,073,954 GRT/11,138,336 DWT;
includes 457 cargo, 82 container, 3 multi-function large load carrier, 2
barge carrier, 72 roll-on/roll-off, 124 oil tanker, 25 bulk cargo, 9
chemical tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 16 combination ore/oil, 5 passenger
cargo, 18 short-sea passenger, 6 passenger, 28 combination bulk, 16
refrigerated cargo
Airports:
total:
2,550
useable:
964
with permanent surface runways:
565
with runw