the route to El Dorado."

Meanwhile the myth had assumed new forms. On the southwestern
tributaries of the Amazon were the fabled districts of Enim and Paytiti
said to have been founded by Incas who had fled from Peru and to have
surpassed ancient Cuzco in splendor. North of the Amazon the supposed
city of El Dorado moved eastward until in Raleigh's time it was
situated in Guiana beside Lake Parima. This lake remained on English
maps until the explorations of Schomburgh in the nineteenth century
proved that it was nothing more than a pond in a vast swamp. The
emerald mountain of Espirito Santo and the Martyrios gold mine, long
sought for in Western Brazil recalled the El Dorado myth; while far to
the southward in the plains of the Argentine the city of Caesar, with
silver walls and houses was another alluring and persistent phantom.
It was said to have been founded by shipwrecked Spanish sailors, and
even late in the eighteenth century expeditions were sent in search for
it.

It was not until 1582 that the Spanish ceased to pursue the fatal
phantom city of El Dorado and Southey's History of the Brazils is
authority for the statement that these "expeditions cost Spain more
than all the treasures she had received from her South American
possessions." There is more meaning than appears on the surface in the
Spanish proverb, "Happiness is only to be found in El Dorado which no
one yet has been able to reach."

Alas, that Sir Walter Raleigh should have been lured to seek in Guiana
the fabled El Dorado which had now become the splendid city of Manoa
built on the shores of a vast inland lake of salt water. It was in
this guise that he heard the transplanted and exaggerated story of the
gilded man. His own narrative, as included in Hakluyt's Voyages, is
entitled:[4]

"The discovery of the large, rich and beautiful Empire of Guiana, with
a relation of the great and golden city of Manoa (which the Spaniards
call El Dorado) and the provinces of Emeria, Aromaia, Amapaia, and
other countries, with their rivers adjoining. Performed in the year
1595 by Sir Walter Raleigh, Knight, Captain of Her Majesty's Guard,
Lord Warden of the Stanneries, and Her Highness' Lieutenant General of
the County of Cornwall."

It was while touching at the island of Trinidad, outward bound, that
Raleigh had the misfortune to learn the story of a picturesque liar by
the name of Juan Martinez, a derelict Spanish seaman, who had sailed
with th