mired by
Mackintosh,[155] who, of course, did not accept the principles, and had
a warm disciple in Charles Richardson (1775-1865), who wrote in its
defence against Dugald Stewart and accepted its authority in his
elaborate dictionary of the English language.[156] But its chief
interest for us is that it was a great authority with James Mill. Mill
accepts the etymologies, and there is much in common between the two
writers, though Mill had learned his main doctrines elsewhere,
especially from Hobbes. What the agreement really shows is how the
intellectual idiosyncrasy which is congenial to 'nominalism' in
philosophy was also congenial to Tooke's matter of fact radicalism and
to the Utilitarian position of Bentham and his followers.

NOTES:

[144] Published originally in 1778; reprinted in edition of EPEA
PTEROENTA or _Diversions of Purley_, by Richard Taylor (1829), to which
I refer. The first part of the _Diversions of Purley_ appeared in 1786;
and the second part (with a new edition of the first) in 1798.

[145] _Diversions of Purley_ (1829), i. 12, 131.

[146] _Ibid._ ii. 362. Locke's work, says Prof. Max Mueller in his
_Science of Thought_, p. 295, 'is, as Lange in his _History of
Materialism_ rightly perceived, a critique of language which, together
with Kant's _Critique of the Pure Reason_, forms the starting-point of
modern philosophy.' _See_ Lange's _Materialism_, (1873), i. 271.

[147] _Ibid._ i. 49.

[148] _Diversions of Purley_, i. 36, 42.

[149] _Ibid._ i. 373.

[150] _Ibid._ i. 374.

[151] _Diversions of Purley_, ii. 18. Cf. Mill's statement in
_Analysis_, i. 304, that 'abstract terms are concrete terms with the
connotation dropped.'

[152] _Ibid._ ii. 9, etc.

[153] _Ibid._ ii. 399.

[154] Stephens, ii. 497.

[155] _Life of Mackintosh_, ii. 235-37.

[156] Begun for the _Encyclopaedia Metropolitana_ in 1818; and published
in 1835-37. Dugald Stewart's chief criticism is in his Essays (_Works_,
v. 149-188). John Fearn published his _Anti-Tooke_ in 1820.

II. DUGALD STEWART

If English philosophy was a blank, there was still a leader of high
reputation in Scotland. Dugald Stewart (1753-1828) had a considerable
influence upon the Utilitarians. He represented, on the one hand, the
doctrines which they thought themselves specially bound to attack, and
it may perhaps be held that in some ways he betrayed to them the key of
the position. Stewart[157] was son of a professor of mathematics at