blic works and of public charity. Besides all this, myriads of
ministerial and notarial officials lawyers, ushers, auctioneers, and
by way of surplus, or as a natural result, the members of every great
private association since no collective enterprise, from the Bank of
France and the press to stage lines and tontines, may be established
without his permission, nor exist without his tolerance. Not counting
the latter, and after deducting likewise the military or active duty
and the functionaries who draw pay, the prefect from the earliest
years report that, since 1789, the number of people "employed or under
government pay" has more than doubled: In Doubs, in the year IX, instead
of 916 there are 1820; in Meurthe in the year XIII, instead of 1828
there are 3091; in Ain, in 1806 instead of 955 there are 1771[3336].
As to the army, it has tripled, and according to the First Consul's own
calculations, instead of 9,000 or 10,000 officers as in 1789, there are
more than 20,000.--These figures go on increasing on the old territory
through the very development of the new organization, through the
enormous increase of the army, through the re-establishment of religious
worship, through the installation of droits reunis, through the
institution of the University, owing to the increasing number
of officials, cures and assistant-priests, of professors and
school-teachers, and of retired and pensioned invalids.[3337]

And these figures, which already swell of themselves, are to swell an
additional half through the extension of the ancient territory. Instead
of 86 departments with a population of 26 millions, France ends in
comprising 130 departments with 42 million inhabitants--Belgium and
Piedmont, then Hanover, Tuscany, Central Italy, Illyria, Holland and the
Hanseatic provinces, that is to say 44 departments and 16 millions of
annexed Frenchmen;[3338] affording another large outlet for little and
big ambitions.--Add still another, as a surplus and not less extensive
outlet, outside of France: for the subject princes and the vassal kings,
Eugene, Louis, Jerome, Murat, and Joseph, each with their governments,
import into their realms a more or less numerous body of French
officials, familiars, court dignitaries, generals, ministers,
administrators, even clerks and other indispensable subalterns, if for
no other purpose than to bring the natives within the military and
civil compartments of the new Regime and teach them on the spot