ways be at Hamburg, Bremen and Lubeck from 8,000 to 10,000
French, either employees or gendarmes, in the customs and depots."]

[Footnote 3339: One officer may be counted to every 50 men in the
infantry; in the cavalry 1 officer to every 25 or 30 men,--This ratio of
one officer to every fifty men indicates that, among the 1,700,000 men
who perished between 1804 and 1815, there were 24,000 officers, which
gives about 3,000 vacancies per annum, to which must be added the
vacancies due to the wounded, disabled and and retired. It must be
noted, moreover, that the death or retirement of an officer above the
grade of second-lieutenant makes several vacancies, vacancies which are
more numerous the higher the rank. When a captain is killed there are
three promotions and so on.]

[Footnote 3340: "The Revolution" III., 335. (Laff. II. p. 250)--Already,
in 1795, the need of competent and specialized men was so great that the
government sought, even among royalists, for financial and diplomatic
heads of these services; it made offers to M. Dufresne and to M. de
Rayneval.--Ib. 406.--(Cf. "Memoires" by Gaudin, Miot de Melito and
Mollien.)]

[Footnote 3341: Words of Bouquier, reporter of the law on education
(session of the Convention, Frimaire 22, year II).]

[Footnote 3342: The reader is recommended to do as I have done and
consult biographies on point, also the souvenirs of his grandparents.
(H.A.Taine.)]

[Footnote 3343: Thibaudeau, "Memoires sur la Consulat," p.88.
(Exposition of motives by Roederer to the corps Legislatif, Floreal
25, year X.) "After all, it is the creation of a new currency of quite
different value from that which issues from the public treasury, a
currency of unchangeable worth and of an inexhaustible mine, since
it lies in French honor; a currency which can solely reward actions
regarded as above any recompense."]

[Footnote 3344: Thibaudeau, ibid., 83. (Address by the First Consul to
the council of State, Floreal 14, year X.)--Also "Memorial": "Old and
corrupt nations are not governed the same as young and virtuous ones;
sacrifices have to be made to interest, to enjoyments, to vanity. This
is the secret of the return to monarchical forms, to titles. crosses,
ribbons, harmless baubles suited to exciting the respect of the
multitude while at the same time enforcing self-respect."]

[Footnote 3345: "La Legion d'honneur," by M. Mazas, passim. Details on
the nomination ceremonials. "The veritable date w