s.]

[Footnote 3260: Albert Babeau, ibid., 238. "Colonels were allowed only
100 francs per man; this sum, however, being insufficient, the balance
was assessed on the pay of the officers."]

[Footnote 3261: This principle was at once adopted by the Jacobins.
(Yung, ibid., 19, 22, 145. Speech by Dubois-Crance at the session
held Dec.12, 1789.) "Every citizen will become a soldier of the
Constitution." No more casting lots nor substitution. "Each citizen must
be a soldier and each soldier a citizen."--The first application of the
principle is a call for 300,000 men (Feb. 26, 1793), then through a
levy on the masses which brings 500,000 men under the flag, nominally
volunteers, but conscripts in reality. (Baron Poisson, "l'Armee et la
Garde Nationale,"III, 475.)]

[Footnote 3262: Taine wrote this in 1888, after the end of the second
French Empire, after the transformation of Prussia into the Empire of
Germany. Taine apparently had a premonition of the terrible wars of the
20th century, of Nazism, Communism and their death and concentration
camps. (SR.)]

[Footnote 3263: Baron Poisson, "l'Armee et la Garde nationale," III.,
475. (Summing up.) "Popular tradition has converted the volunteer of the
Republic into a conventional personage which history cannot accept..
.. 1st. The first contingent of volunteers demanded of the country
consisted of 97,000 men (1791). 60,000 enthusiasts responded to the
call, enlisted for a year and fulfilled their engagement; but for no
consideration would they remain longer. 2nd. Second call for volunteers
in April 1792. Only mixed levies, partial, raised by money, most of them
even without occupation, outcasts and unable to withstand the enemy.
3rd. 300,000 men recruited, which measure partly fails; the recruit can
always get off by furnishing a substitute. 4th. Levy in mass of 500,000
men, called volunteers, but really conscripts."]

[Footnote 3264: "Memorial" (Speech by Napoleon before the Council
of State). "I am inflexible on exemptions; they would be crimes; how
relieve one's conscience of having caused one man to die in the place
of another?"--"The conscription was an unprivileged militia: it was an
eminently national institution and already far advanced in our customs;
only mothers were still afflicted by it, while the time was coming when
a girl would not have a man who had not paid his debt to his country."]

[Footnote 3265: Law of Fructidor 8, year XIII, article 10.--Pelet de
La