cortex removed or injured, and that it is a matter of
indifference what may be the particular region wherein the destruction
takes place. Against this an opposed set of observers held that
different regions perform different functions, and this latter
"differential" view was raised in two wholly dissimilar forms in the
first and last quarters of the 19th century respectively. In the first
quarter of the century, a school, with which the name of Gall is
prominently associated, held that each faculty of a set of particular
so-called "faculties," which it assumed constituted intelligence, has in
the brain a spatially separate organ proper to itself. Gall's doctrine
had two fundamental propositions. The first was that intelligence
resides exclusively in the brain: the second, that intelligence consists
of twenty-seven "faculties," each with a separate local seat in the
brain. The first proposition was not new. It is met with in Hippocrates,
and it had been elaborated by Descartes and others. But Bichat in his
_Anatomie generale_ had partly wandered from the gradually established
truth and referred the emotions to the visceral organs, returning to a
naive view popularly prevalent. Gall's first proposition was probably
raised especially in reaction against Bichat. But Gall's proposition was
retrograde from the true position of the science of his time. Flourens
and others of his contemporaries had already shown not only that
intelligence was resident exclusively in the brain, but that it was
resident exclusively in that part of the brain which is the fore-brain.
Now Gall placed certain of his twenty-seven intellectual faculties in
the cerebellum, which is part of the hind-brain.

_Phrenology._--As to Gall's second proposition, the set of faculties
into which he analysed intelligence shows his power of psychological
analysis to have been so weak that it is matter of surprise his doctrine
could obtain even the ephemeral vogue it actually did. Among his
twenty-seven faculties are, for instance, "_l'amour de la progeniture,
l'instinct carnassier, l'amitie, la ruse, la sagacite comparative,
l'esprit metaphysique, le talent poetique, la mimique_," &c. Such
crudity of speculation is remarkable in one who had undoubtedly
considerable insight into human character. Each of the twenty-seven
faculties had its seat in a part of the brain, and that part of the
brain was called its "organ." The mere spatial juxtaposition or
remoteness of the