tem, especially where the trauma implicates the
central nervous organ, the first effects and impairment of function
resulting are due to a mixed cause, namely on the one hand the
mechanical rupture of conducting paths actually broken by solution of
their continuity, and on the other hand the temporary interruption of
conducting paths by "shock." Shock effects are not permanent: they pass
off. They are supposed to be due to a change at the synapses connecting
neurone with neurone in the grey matter. They amount in effect to a
long-lasting and gradually subsiding inhibition.

For diseases of the brain see NEUROPATHOLOGY, INSANITY, SKULL
(_Surgery_), &c. (C. S. S.)

FOOTNOTE:

[1] The literature of the pineal region is enormous. Studnicka (in
_Oppels Vergleichende mikrosk. Anat._ Teile 4-5, 1904, 1905) gives
285 references. The present conception of the generalized arrangement
is: ([alpha]) A single glandular median organ from the fore-brain
called the paraphysis. ([beta]) A pouch of the ependymal roof of the
ventricle called the dorsal sac. ([gamma]) A right and left
epiphysis, one of which may be wholly or partially suppressed. These
may change their position to anterior and posterior in some animals.

BRAINERD, DAVID (1718-1747), American missionary among the Indians, was
born at Haddam, Connecticut, on the 20th of April 1718. He was orphaned
at fourteen, and studied for nearly three years (1739-1742) at Yale. He
then prepared for the ministry, being licensed to preach in 1742, and
early in 1743 decided to devote himself to missionary work among the
Indians. Supported by the Scottish "Society for Promoting Christian
Knowledge," he worked first at Kaunaumeek, an Indian settlement about 20
m. from Stockbridge, Massachusetts, and subsequently, until his death,
among the Delaware Indians in Pennsylvania (near Easton) and New Jersey
(near Cranbury). His heroic and self-denying labours, both for the
spiritual and for the temporal welfare of the Indians, wore out a
naturally feeble constitution, and on the 19th of October 1747 he died
at the house of his friend, Jonathan Edwards, in Northampton,
Massachusetts.

His _Journal_ was published in two parts in 1746 by the Scottish
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; and in 1749, at Boston,
Jonathan Edwards published _An Account of the Life of the Late Rev.
David Brainerd, chiefly taken from his own Diary and other Pri