, possessed a fleet of 382
steamers of 693,892 tons, besides lighters and similar craft. Bremen
also shares with Hamburg the position of being one of the two chief
emigration ports of Germany. There are three docks, all to the
north-west of the city--namely, the free harbour (which was opened in
1888), the winter harbour, and the timber and industrial harbour.
Internal communication is served by an excellent system of electric
tramways, and there is also a local steamboat service with neighbouring
villages on the Weser.

_History._--According to Brandes, quoting Martin Luther in the _Lexicon
Philologicum_, the name is derived from _Bram, Bram, i.e. hem_ = the
river-bank, or confine of the land on which it was built. In 787 Bremen
was chosen by St Willehad, whom Charlemagne had established as bishop in
the _pagi_ of the lower Weser, as his see. In 848 the destruction of
Hamburg by the Normans led to the transference of the archiepiscopal see
of Hamburg to Bremen, which became the seat of the archbishops of
Hamburg-Bremen. In 965 the emperor Otto I. granted to Archbishop Adaldag
"in the place called Bremen" (_in loco Bremun nuncupato_) the right to
establish a market, and the full administrative, fiscal and judicial
powers of a count, no one but the bishop or his _advocatus_ being
allowed to exercise authority in the city. This privilege, by which the
archbishop was lord of the city and his _Vogt_ its judge, was frequently
confirmed by subsequent emperors, ending under Frederick I. in 1158.
Though, however, there is no direct evidence of the existence of any
communal organization during this period, it is clear from the vigorous
part taken by the burghers in the struggle of the emperor Frederick with
Henry the Lion of Saxony that some such organization very early existed.
Yet in the _privilegium_ granted to the townspeople by Frederick I. in
1186 the emperor had done no more than guarantee them their personal
liberties. The earliest recognition of any civic organization they may
have possessed they owed to Archbishop Hartwig II. (1184-1207), who had
succeeded in uniting against him his chapter, the nobles and the
citizens; and the first mention of the city council occurs in a charter
of Archbishop Gerhard II. in 1225, though the _consules_ here named
doubtless represented a considerably older institution. In the 13th
century, however, whatever the civic organization of the townsfolk may
have been, it was still strictly su