558 by his brother Georg, bishop of Minden
(d. 1566), who, though he himself was instrumental in introducing the
reformed model into his other diocese of Verden, is reckoned as the last
Roman Catholic archbishop of Bremen. His successor, Henry III.
(1550-1585), a son of Duke Francis I. of Lauenburg, who had been bishop
of Osnabruck and Paderborn, was a Lutheran and married. Protestantism
was not, however, definitively proclaimed as the state religion in
Bremen until 1618. The last archbishop, Frederick II. (of Denmark), was
deposed by the Swedes in 1644. In 1646 Bremen received the privileges of
a free imperial city from the emperor Ferdinand III.; but Sweden, whose
possession of the archbishopric was recognized two years later, refused
to consent to this, and in 1666 attempted vainly to assert her claims
over the city by arms--in the so-called Bremen War. When, however, in
1720 the elector of Hanover (George I. of Great Britain) acquired the
archbishopric, he recognized Bremen as a free city. In 1803 this was
again recognized and the territory of the city was even extended. In
1806 it was taken by the French, was subsequently annexed by Napoleon to
his empire, and from 1810 to 1813 was the capital of the department of
the Mouths of the Weser. Restored to independence by the congress of
Vienna in 1815, it subsequently became a member of the German
Confederation, and in 1867 joined the new North German Confederation,
with which it was merged in the new German empire.

See Buchenau, _Die freie Hansestadt Bremen_ (3rd ed., Bremen, 1900, 5
vols.); _Bremisches Urkundenbuch_, edited by R. Ehmck and W. von
Bippen (1863, fol.); W. von Bippen, _Geschichte der Stadt Bremen_
(Bremen, 1892-1898); F. Donandt, _Versuch einer Geschichte des
bremischen Stadtrechts_ (Bremen, 1830, 2 vols.); _Bremisches Jahrbuch_
(historical, 19 vols., 1864-1900); and Karl Hegel, _Stadte und
Gilden_, vol. ii. p. 461 (Leipzig, 1891).

BREMER, FREDRIKA (1801-1865), Swedish novelist, was born near Abo, in
Finland, on the 17th of August 1801. Her father, a descendant of an old
German family, a wealthy iron master and merchant, left Finland when
Fredrika was three years old, and after a year's residence in Stockholm,
purchased an estate at Arsta, about 20 m. from the capital. There, with
occasional visits to Stockholm and to a neighbouring estate, which
belonged for a time to her father, Fredrika passed her time till 1820.
The education t