chens that the petals of a leafless
parasitic plant would bear to the foliage of one of normal
character--that is to say, they are, as it were, the coloured
organs of reproduction of parasitic plants of a type closely
approaching that of lichens, which, of course, is in very
close, if not in absolute agreement with the conclusions drawn
by botanists from entirely different data."

[J] Schwendener, "Untersuchungen ueber den Flechtenthallus."

[K] Crombie (J. M.) "On the Lichen-Gonidia Question," in "Popular
Science Review" for July, 1874.

[L] Bornet, (E.), "Recherches sur les Gonidies des Lichens," in "Ann.
des Sci. Nat." 1873, 5 ser. vol. xvii.

[M] Nylander, "On the Algo-Lichen Hypothesis," &c., in "Grevillea,"
vol. ii. (1874), No. 22, p. 146.

[N] In Regensburg "Flora," 1870, p. 92.

[O] Rev. J. M. Crombie, in "Popular Science Review," July, 1874.

[P] Berkeley's "Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany," p. 373, fig.
78_a._

[Q] Berkeley's "Introduction," p. 341, fig. 76.

[R] "Annals and Magazine of Natural History," April, 1849.

[S] In "Gardener's Chronicle" for 1873, p. 1341.

[T] "Grevillea," vol ii. p. 147, in note.

[U] W. Archer, in "Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci." vol. xiii. p. 217; vol.
xiv. p. 115. Translation of Schwendener's "Nature of the
Gonidia of Lichens," in same journal, vol. xiii. p. 235.

II.

STRUCTURE.

Without some knowledge of the structure of fungi, it is scarcely
possible to comprehend the principles of classification, or to
appreciate the curious phenomena of polymorphism. Yet there is so
great a variety in the structure of the different groups, that this
subject cannot be compressed within a few paragraphs, neither do we
think that this would be desired if practicable, seeing that the
anatomy and physiology of plants is, in itself, sufficiently important
and interesting to warrant a rather extended and explicit survey. In
order to impart as much practical utility as possible to this chapter,
it seems advisable to treat some of the most important and typical
orders and suborders separately, giving prominence to the features
which are chiefly characteristic of those sections, following the
order of systematists as much as possible, whilst endeavouring to
render each section independent to a considerable extent, and complete
in itself. Some groups naturally