of other fungals, we shall write of them
here without regard to their duality. These originate, for the most
part, within the tissues of living plants, and are developed outwards
in pustules, which burst through the cuticle. The mycelium penetrates
the intercellular passages, and may sometimes be found in parts
of the plants where the fungus does not develop itself. There is no
proper excipulum or peridium, and the spores spring direct from a
more compacted portion of the mycelium, or from a cushion-like
stroma of small cells. In _Lecythea_, the sub-globose spores are at
first generated at the tips of short pedicels, from which they are
ultimately separated; surrounding these spores arise a series of
barren cells, or cysts, which are considerably larger the true spores,
and colourless, while the spores are of some shade of yellow or
orange.[c] In _Trichobasis_, the spores are of a similar character,
sub-globose, and at first pedicellate; but there are no surrounding
cysts, and the colour is more usually brown, although sometimes
yellow. In _Uredo_, the spores are at first generated singly, within
a mother cell; they are globose, and either yellow or brown, without
any pedicel. In _Coleosporium_, there are two kinds of spores,
those of a pulverulent nature, globose, which are sometimes produced
alone at the commencement of the season, and others which originate
as an elongated cell; this becomes septate, and ultimately separates
at the joints. During the greater part of the year, both kinds of
spores are to be found in the same pustule. In _Melampsora_, the
winter spores are elongated and wedge-shaped, compacted together
closely, and are only matured during winter on dead leaves; the summer
spores are pulverulent and globose, being, in fact, what were until
recently regarded as species of _Lecythea_. In _Cystopus_, the spores
are sub-globose, or somewhat angular, generated in a moniliform
manner, and afterwards separating at the joints. The upper spore is
always the oldest, continuous production of spores going on for some
time at the base of the chain. Under favourable conditions of
moisture, each of these spores, or conidia, as De Bary terms them, is
capable of producing within itself a number of zoospores;[d] these
ultimately burst the vesicle, move about by the aid of vibratile
cilia, and at last settle down to germinate. Besides these, other
reproductive bodies are generated upon the mycelium, within the
tissues of