paralyzed, ruined, and closed."

The Turks (especially those of the lower orders) use a kind of clay
pipe made of red earth decorated with gilding. The stem of the pipe is
made from a branch of jasmine, cherry tree or maple and is
sufficiently long to rest on the floor when used by the smoker. A
writer in the _Tobacco Plant_ says of Old English Clay pipes:

"Of all the various branches of the subject of tobacco, that
of the history of pipes is one of the most interesting, and
one that deserves every attention that can possibly be
given. Whether considered ethnographically, historically,
geographically, or archaeologically, pipes present food for
speculation and research of at least equal importance to any
other set of objects that can be brought forward. Some
branches of the subject have already been treated in these
columns, and others, in what is intended shall follow, will
hereafter be discussed. The present article will be devoted
to 'Fairy Pipes' and the history of the earliest pipes of
this country. Smoking is an old and venerable institution in
this kingdom of ours, and dates far back beyond the
introduction of tobacco to our shores. Long before Sir
Walter Raleigh was thought of, there is reason to believe
herbs and leaves of one kind or other--coltsfoot, yarrow,
mouse-lax, sword-grass, dandelion, and other plants, and
even dried cow-dung--were smoked for one ailment or other,
and in some instances for relaxation and pleasure, and thus,
no doubt, became habitually used. These are still, in some
of our rural districts, smoked by people as cures for
various ailments, and are considered not only highly
efficacious but very pleasant. I have known these or other
herbs smoked through a stick from which the pith had been
removed, the bowl being formed of a lump of clay moulded by
the fingers at the time, and baked in the household fire.

[Illustration: Clay and reed pipes.]

"The small branches of the elder tree, or sometimes the stem
of the briar and bramble, are what I have seen used, but
even the stem of the hemlock and keckse are sometimes
brought into requisition for the purpose.

"I believe that long before the time Dr. Wilson states on
the authority of Sharpe, that it was common within memory,
for the old wives of Annandale to smoke a dried wh