ributes appear to be derived from
those of Indra.[1036] In his arms he always clasps a Sakti.

A second class of tutelaries is composed of so-called Buddhas,
accompanied by Saktis and terrific in aspect, who are manifestations of
the Buddhahood for special purposes. I do not know if this description is
theologically correct, for these fantastic figures have no relation to
anything deserving the name of Buddhism, but Grunwedel[1037] has shown
that they are comparable with the various forms of Siva. This god does
not become incarnate like Vishnu but manifests himself from time to time
in many shapes accompanied by a retinue who are sometimes merely
attendants and sometimes alternative forms of the Lord. Virabhadra, the
terrible being created by Siva from himself in order to confound Daksha's
sacrifice, is a close parallel to the demoniac Buddhas of Lamaism. Some
of them, such as Mahakala and Samvara, show their origin in their names
and the rest, such as Hevajra, Buddhakapala and Yamantaka, are similar.
This last is a common subject for art, a many headed and many limbed
minotaur, convulsed by a paroxysm of devilish passion. Among his heads
the most conspicuous is the face of an ox, yet this grotesque demon is
regarded as a manifestation of the benign and intellectual Manjusri whose
images in other lands are among the most gracious products of Buddhist
sculpture.

Most tutelary deities of this class act as defenders of the faith
and each sect has one or two as its special guardians.[1038] The idea
is ancient for even in the Pitakas, Sakka and other spirits
respectfully protect the Buddha's disciples, and the Dharmapalas of
Gandharan art are the ancestors of the Chos Skyon. But in Tibet
these assume monstrous and manifold disguises. The oldest is
Vajrapani and nearly all the others are forms of Siva (such as
Acala or Mi-gyo-ba who reappears in Japan as Fudo) or personages of
his retinue. Eight of them are often adored collectively under the
name of the Eight Terrible Ones. Several of these are well-known
figures in Hindu mythology, for though the Lamas usually give Buddhist
titles to their principal deities, yet they also venerate Hindu gods,
without any explanation of their status. Thus hJigs-med-nam-mkha says
that he composed his history with the help of Siva.[1039] The
members of this group vary in different enumerations but the following
usually form part of it.

(_a_) Hayagriva,[1040] the horse-necked god. In India