of blueing water for just a
moment; wring tightly, and shake out each
piece.

The blueing tends to counteract any yellow
tinge in the clothes, making them appear
whiter.

7. Starching:

Dip one piece at a time into the starch mixture
until well saturated; then wring.

Only certain articles or parts of articles will
require this part of the process, to give them
body or stiffness and, it may be, glossiness.

8. Hanging:

Shake out each piece thoroughly; fasten to a
clothes-line or hang on a rack to allow the
moisture to evaporate. This should be
out-of-doors in the sunlight if possible.

REMOVAL OF STAINS

Foreign matter which is difficult or impossible to remove by the
ordinary washing process is called a _stain_. Such matter is not
dissolved by the usual cleansing agents used in laundry work, such as
water and soap, but requires some special solvent to act on it. The
choice of the agent to be used will depend on the nature of the foreign
matter to be removed. In some cases it is difficult to find an agent
which will not act also on the colour of the fabric; in other cases to
find one which does not injure the fibre of the goods.

The pupils should be asked to give instances from their own experience
where special solvents were used to remove stains, and be required to
make a list of these. If necessary, the teacher should supplement this
list with the names of other agents and the methods of using them.

OUTLINE OF LESSONS ON THE WASHING OF WOOLLENS

The washing of woollen materials is part of the Course for the work of
the Senior Grade of Form IV, but, for the sake of convenience, the
laundry lessons of both Grades of Form IV are outlined in one section of
this Manual.

Before allowing the class any practice in this branch of laundry work,
it will be necessary for the teacher to make certain principles very
clear:

1. That wool is an animal product. As such it tends to be shrunken and
hardened by (1) heat, (2) alkalies.

2. That the surface of each wool fibre woven into woollen materials is
seen under the microscope to be covered with notches, or scales. If
these notches in any way become entangled, the material is thereby drawn
up, or "shrunken".

3. That these notches may be entangled by:

(1) Wetting the woollen material and then
rubbing or twisting it. Wh