a, New Purchase
Applications, Nos. 1823 and 2611, April 3, 1769.

[33] _Pennsylvania Archives_, First Series, XI, 508.

[34] _Colonial Records_, X, 95.

[35] In a letter to this writer, May 19, 1962, Professor Marshall
states: "It was my opinion that the treaty marked, in one aspect, a
bargain between Johnson and the Six Nations. I do not accept
Billington's charge of betrayal of their interests. But it does seem to
me that this meant hard bargaining in New York, when the state of Indian
and colonial lands was precisely known to both sides, and indifference
and ignorance beyond this point.... As far as I am aware, there was no
prolonged and close discussion about the running of the line in
Pennsylvania in the least comparable to that which took place over its
location in New York." _See_ Peter Marshall, "Sir William Johnson and
the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, 1768," _The Journal of American Studies_, I
(Oct., 1967), pp. 149-179.

[36] Meginness, _Otzinachson_ (1889), p. 340.

[37] Helen Herritt Russell, "Signers of the Pine Creek Declaration of
Independence," _The Northumberland County Historical Society Proceedings
and Addresses_, XXII (1958), 1-15.

[38] The fame of this historic elm stems from the fact that it is
reputed to be the site of a local declaration of independence made the
same day as the adoption of Jefferson's draft in Philadelphia, July 4,
1776. The author is indebted to Donald H. Kent, Director of the Bureau
of Archives and History, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission,
for the idea and some of the expression in this paragraph.

[39] Paul A. W. Wallace, _Pennsylvania: Seed of a Nation_ (New York,
1962) p. 3. This delightful book in the "Regions of America" series,
edited by Carl Carmer, contains an excellent chapter on the significance
of Pennsylvania's "Three Rivers."

[40] Gristmills--meeting places of the Fair Play tribunal--a school, and
a church would all be found in this Pine Creek region. However, the
church (Presbyterian) would not be built until the territory became an
official part of the Commonwealth following the second Stanwix Treaty in
1784.

[41] Robert Frost, _Complete Poems of Robert Frost_ (New York, 1949), p.
467. This poem somehow characterizes the experiences of the settlers of
this frontier and many frontiers to come.

CHAPTER TWO

_The Fair Play Settlers: Demographic Factors_

James Logan, president of the Proprietary Council of Pennsylvania,
1736-1738