3;
and Calhoun, 5;
protectionism, 5, 14, 17, 18;
Western element, 28, 39, 40;
manufacturing in, 42;
western, 55, 71, 83, 98;
banks, 98, 151;
manufacturing, 187;
shipping, 187, 201;
illiterates, 213, 246;
Democratic, 302;
panic in, at Lee's invasion, 305.

Pennsylvania Railroad, 192.

Perry, Commodore, opening Japan, 235.

Philadelphia, manufacturing at, 41;
financial center, 45, 46, 48;
and Bank, 79;
failures, 101;
mint at, 151, 188, 193, 209, 222, 306.

Phillips, Wendell, abolition leader, 166.

Pierce, Franklin, for President, 182;
inauguration, 184, 206;
and Northwest, 231;
program, 232;
Pacific Railroad, 233;
Cuba, 233;
commercial expansion, 235;
Eastern opposition, 235, 239.

Plantation, life in Old South, 137, 138;
spread of system, 193.

Planters, rulers of South, 138;
number, 139;
and professional men, 139.

Poe, Edgar Allan, 226.

Poindexter, George, in Senate, 16;
duelist, 32.

Polk, James K., 53;
Speaker of House, 130;
for President, 130;
election and intentions, 131, 135, 140, 145;
and Oregon, 149, 153;
and Tariff of 1846, 151;
vetoes Internal Improvements Bill, 152;
sends Slidell to Mexico, 153, 155;
and Mexican Treaty, 157;
death, 160, 161;
denounced by Sumner, 168;
and Wilmot Proviso, 170;
and Panama Canal, 174;
and California, 175;
recommendations, 232.

Pope, General John, given army, 299;
battle of Cedar Mountain, 299;
second battle of Bull Run, 300.

Popular sovereignty, 236, 255.

Population, of cotton belt, 12;
of United States, 28, 40, 184;
of West, 28, 40;
of New England, 39;
of New York, 40;
of East, 40;
of South, 40;
foreign elements, 185.

Powers, Hiram, sculptor, 225.

Prentiss, Sargent, 90.

Presbyterians, in West, 33;
in South, 142, 218;
and slavery, 143, 145, 160;
strong clergy, 220;
members in 1860, 220;
Princeton a center, 222.

Prescott, William H., 228.

President, one term demanded, 16;
and Supreme Court, 51, 55.

Presidential campaign, of 1828, 3, 18, 19;
of 1832, 69, 70;
of 1836, 92;
of 1840, 110;
of 1844, 127;
of 1848, 170;
of 1852, 182;
of 1856, 245;
of 1860, 261.

Preston, Ballard, 171.

Preston, William C., 93.

Princeton College, Presbyterian center, 232;
Southerners at, 224.

Pryor, General Roger A., and Fort Sumter, 275.

Public debt of United States, paid, 99.

Public educat