1
II. ON CERTAIN MISTAKES OF SCIENTISTS - - 12
III. AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY VIVISECTOR - - - 22
IV. MAGENDIE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES - - - 29
V. A VIVISECTOR'S REMORSE - - - - 47
VI. IS TORTURE JUSTIFIED BY UTILITY? - - 57
VII. THE COMMENCEMENT OF AGITATION - - - 66
VIII. ATTAINMENT OF REGULATION IN ENGLAND - - 88
IX. A GREAT PROTESTANT - - - - 113
X. THE VIVISECTION REPORT OF 1912 - - - 127
XI. THE ANAESTHETIC DELUSION - - - 149
XII. THE VIVISECTION OF TO-DAY - - - 162
XIII. WHAT IS VIVISECTION REFORM? - - - 196
XIV. THE WORK OF REFORM SOCIETIES - - - 216
XV. UNFAIR METHODS OF CONTROVERSY - - - 228
XVI. RESEARCH WITHOUT VIVISECTION - - - 254
XVII. THE FUTURE OF VIVISECTION - - - 276
XVIII. THE FINAL PHASE: EXPERIMENTATION ON MAN - 289
XIX. CONCLUSION - - - - - 326

APPENDIXES - - - - 333-364C
INDEX - - - - 365-369
PRESS NOTICES - - - - 371-374

INTRODUCTION

It is now somewhat over a third of a century since my attention was
specially directed to the abuses of animal experimentation. In
January, 1880, a paragraph appeared in a morning paper of New York
referring to the late Henry Bergh. With his approval a Bill had come
before the legislature of the State of New York providing for the
abolition of all experiments upon living animals--whether in medical
colleges or elsewhere--on the ground that they were without benefit to
anybody, and demoralizing alike to the teacher and student. As I
dropped the paper, it occurred to me that the chances of success would
have been far greater if less had been asked. That certain
vivisections were atrocious was undoubtedly true; but, on the other
hand, there were some experiments that were absolutely painless.
Would it not be wiser to make some distinctions?

The attempt was made. An article on the subject was at once begun,
and in July of the same year it was published in Scribner's Magazine,
the predecessor of the Century. So far as known, it was the first
argument that ever found ex