ing, and the exclusion of all dogmatic
teaching touching the origin or destiny of man. This freedom and the
aggregation of small states in vast governments, by the consent of all
parties, would be security for the peace of the world. With general
peace would come the abolition of great armies, freedom from public
debts, and numerous freeholders. These are the conditions of domestic
and social comfort, the chief and worthiest objects of the State
organization.

In 1830 the movement against the use of intoxicating liquors began--or
rather it was about that year that the movement was strong enough to
lead a small number of country merchants to abandon the trade. When I
went into Mr. Heywood's store, he had one hogshead of New England rum.
That was sold, and there the business ended. As a general rule, the
farmers used rum daily during the summer season, and drank freely of
cider during the winter. On my father's farm, rum toddy was drunk
three times a day during the haying season, which lasted from the 4th
of July to the 1st of August, or a little later. There was no general
use of liquors at any other season.

At old election*--the last Wednesday in May--at Thanksgiving, the 4th
of July, and when my grandfather visited us--which seems now not to
have been more than three or four times a year--a pitcher of West
India rum toddy was made, seasoned with nutmeg and toasted crackers.

The poverty of farmers with respect of tools, made it almost impossible
for farmers to prosper, except by cattle-raising and the cultivation of
small grains. Farming is now an art, and the slavery of farm labor has
in a degree disappeared. Formerly the business of farming was limited
by the home product of manure, but the manufacture of phosphates has
enabled the farmer to enlarge his operations in every direction that
promises a return.

The railway system had driven the eastern farmer from the cultivation
of wheat and corn, as it is not possible for him to compete with the
new and fertile lands of the West. In these sixty years the wheat
fields have moved from the East to the West. From 1820 to 1840 the
valleys of the Mohawk and the Genesee furnished the finer flour for the
cities of New York and New England. Pennsylvania, Maryland and
Virginia supplied Baltimore and Philadelphia. Then Ohio became the
chief source of supply. More recently the wheat region is the upper
valley of the Mississippi, and the State of California. The