d by forked upright timbers, as in
the previous example, and here also the fork of the main upright is too
large and has been filled in.

[Illustration: Fig. 237--Masonry support for rafters]

Aside from the types described, which illustrate the more common forms
of summer shelters, all kinds and degrees of variation are found. As
they, unlike the regular hogan, do not follow any rule or precedent,
their form depends largely on the facilities or the particular
requirements or abilities of the builder. Figure 238 shows a shelter in
the mountains, where timber is abundant. Except that it is not covered
with earth and has no door-frame, it might be classed as a regular
hogan.

Figure 239 shows a form that occurs in the valley regions where
driftwood can sometimes be obtained. It is closely related to the
"lean-to" type, but it is formed partly by excavating the side of a hill
and is well covered with earth. It will be noticed that the front is
partly closed by logs leaned against it and resting against the front
crosspiece or ridgepole.

Figure 240 shows a type which is common in the valleys where timber is
scarce and difficult to procure. Sage and other brush is used largely in
the construction of shelters of this sort, as the few timbers which are
essential can be procured only with great difficulty, and usually must
be brought a great distance.

[Illustration: Fig. 238--A timber-built shelter]

Plate LXXXVII shows a structure that might easily be mistaken for a
summer shelter, but which is a special type. It is a regular hogan, so
far as the frame and timber work go, but it is covered only with cedar
boughs. The illustration shows a part of the covering removed. This
structure was a "medicine hut," put up for the performance of certain
ceremonies over a woman who was ill. There are no traces of any fire in
the interior, perhaps for the reason that the women's ceremony is always
performed in the day time. Aside from its lack of covering, it is a
typical hogan, and the illustration conveys a good impression of the
construction always followed. This kind of hut is called an _[)i]nca
qo[.g]an_.

Rude and primitive as these structures seem, a certain amount of
knowledge and experience is necessary to build them. This has been
discovered at various times by whites who have attempted to build hogans
and failed. An instance occurred not long ago where a trader, finding it
necessary to build some kind of a travelers