erely a favor, and every favor granted may be withdrawn.

"I will have no more missions of any kind.[5171] I established
missionaries in Paris and gave them a house: I cancel it all. I am
content with religion at home; I do not care to spread it abroad... . I
make you responsible if (in a month from this) on the first of October
there are any missions or congregations still existing in France."--

Thus does the regular clergy live, under a revocable title, by
toleration, despotically, suspended by a thread which, perhaps to-
morrow, may be cut at the masters pleasure.

VII. System to which the regular clergy is subject.

System to which the regular clergy is subject.--Restoration
and application of Gallican doctrines.--Gallicanism and
submission of the new ecclesiastical staff.--Measures taken
to insure the obedience of the existing clergy and that of
the clergy in the future.--Seminaries.--Small number of
these allowed.--Conditions granted to them.--Proceedings
against suspicious teachers and undisciplined pupils.

The secular clergy remains, better protected, it seems, and by a less
precarious statute, for this statute is an international and diplomatic
act, a solemn and bilateral treaty which binds the French government,
not only to itself but to another government, to an independent
sovereign and the recognized head of the whole Catholic
Church.--Consequently, it is of prime importance to rebuild and raise
higher the barriers which, in ancient France, separated the secular
clergy from the Pope, the customs and regulations which constituted
the Gallican Church a province apart in the Church universal, the
ecclesiastic franchises and servitudes which restricted the Pope's
jurisdiction in order that the jurisdiction of the king might be
extended. All these servitudes to the advantage of the lay sovereign,
and all these franchises to the prejudice of the ecclesiastic sovereign,
are maintained and increased by the new statute. By virtue of the
Concordat and by consent of the Pope, the First Consul acquires the
same rights and privileges in relation to the Holy See as the old
government,"[5172] that is to say the same exclusive right to nominate
future French cardinals and to have as many as before in the sacred
college, the same right to exclude in the sacred conclave, the same
faculty of being the unique dispenser in France of high ecclesiastical
places and the prerogative o