ot inserted
in the "Correspondence," narration of Dr. Claraz.) 6000 francs, a
present to the bishop of Savona, 12,000 francs salary to Dr. Porta, the
Pope's physician. "Dr. Porta," writes the prefect, "seems disposed to
serve us indirectly with all his power.... Efforts are made to affect
the Pope either by all who approach him or by all the means in our
power."]

[Footnote 51115: Ibid. (Letters of M. de Chabrol, May 14 and 30, 1811.)
"The Pope has fallen into a state of stupor.... The physician fears a
case of hypochondria;... his health and reason are affected." Then, in a
few days: "The state of mental alienation has passed."]

[Footnote 51116: Memorial (Aug.17, 1816).]

[Footnote 51117: D'Haussonville, V., 244. Later, the Pope keeps silent
about his interviews with Napoleon. "He simply lets it be understood
that the emperor spoke to him haughtily and contemptuously, even
treating him as an ignoramus in ecclesiastical matters."--Napoleon met
him with open arms and embraced him, calling him his father. (Thiers,
XV., 295.)--It is probable that the best literary portrayal of these
tete-a-tete conversations is the imaginary scene in "Grandeurs et
Servitudes Militaires," by Alfred de Vigny.]

[Footnote 51118: Comte Chaptal, "Notes": "No, in the course of
sixteen years of a stormy government, Bonaparte never met with so much
resistance and never suffered so many disappointments as were caused
by his quarrel with the Pope. There is no event in his life which more
alienated the people as his proceedings and conduct towards the Pope."]

[Footnote 51119: Ultramontanism; a set of doctrines establishing the
pope's absolute authority.]

CHAPTER II. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.

I. The Catholic System.

The effects of the system.--Completion of the ecclesiastical
hierarchy.--Omnipotence of the Pope in the Church.
--Influence of the French Concordat and other precedents from
1801 to 1870.--Why the clergy becomes ultramontane.--The
dogma of Infallibility.

In 1801, at Rome, pending the negotiations for the Concordat, when Pius
VII. still hesitated about the deposition in mass of the survivors of
the ancient French episcopacy, clear-sighted observers already remarked,
"Let this Concordat which the First Consul desires be completed,[5201]
and you will see, on its ratification, its immense importance and
the power it will give to Rome over the episcopacy throughout the
universe."--In effect, thr