, 1811.) This act was almost universal in the history of the church,
and the court of Rome started from this sort of extraordinary act,
passed by it at the request of the sovereign, in order to enforce its
ideas of arbitrary rule over the bishops."]

[Footnote 5203: So stated by Napoleon.]

[Footnote 5204: Bossuet, "OEuvres completes, XXXII.", 415. (Defensio
declarationis cleri gallicani, lib. VIII, caput 14).--"Episcopos, licet
papae divino jure subditos, ejusdem esse ordinis, ejusdem caracteris,
sive, ut loquitur Hieronymus, ejusdem meriti, ejusdem, sacerdotii,
collegasque et coepiscopos appelari constat, scitumque illud Bernardi ad
Eugenium papam: Non es dominus episcoporum, sed unus ex illis."]

[Footnote 5205: Comte Boulay (de la Meurthe), "les Negociations du
Concordat," p. 35.--There were 50 vacancies in 135 dioceses, owing to
the death of their incumbents.]

[Footnote 5206: Bercastel and Henrion, XIII., 43. (Observations of Abbe
Emery on the Concordat.) "None of the past Popes, not even those who
have extended their authority the farthest, have been able to carry such
heavy, authoritative blows out, as those struck at this time by Pius
VII."]

[Footnote 5207: Praelectiones juris canonici habitae in seminario Sancti
Sulpitii, 1867 (Par l'abbe Icard), I., 138. "Sancti canones passim
memorant distinctionem duplicis potestatis qua utitur sanctus
pontifex: unam appelant ordinariam, aliam absolutam, vel plenitudinem
potestatis... . Pontifex potestate ordinaria utitur, quando juris
positivi dispositionem retinet.... Potestatem extraordinariam exserit,
quando jus humanum non servat, ut si jus ipsum auferat, si 1egibus
conciliorum deroget, privilegia acquisita immutet.... Plenitudo
potestatis nullis publici juris regulis est limitata."--Ibid., I, 333.]

[Footnote 5208: Principal Concordats: with Bavaria, 1817; with Prussia,
1821; with Wurtemburg, Baden, Nassau, the two Hesses, 1821; with
Hanover, 1824; with the Netherlands, 1827; with Russia, 1847; with
Austria, 1855; with Spain, 1851; with the two Sicilies, 1818; with
Tuscany, 1851; with Portugal (for the patronat of the Indies and of
China), 1857; with Costa Rica, 1852; Guatemala, 1853; Haiti, 1860;
Honduras 1861; Ecuador, Venezuela, Nicaragua and San Salvador, 1862.]

[Footnote 5209: Bercastel et Henrion, XIII, 524.]

[Footnote 5210: "Adstantibus non judicantibus."--One of the prelates
assembled at the Vatican, Nov. 20, 1854, observed that if the Pope
decided