ess, it is the latter that has contributed the most. And
with respect to both it seems to be true that they are not so much
the source as the vehicle, or at the most they are the instrument of
commutation, by which the habits of thought enforced upon the community,
through contact with its environment under the exigencies of modern
associated life and the mechanical industries, are turned to account for
theoretical knowledge.

Science, in the sense of an articulate recognition of causal sequence in
phenomena, whether physical or social, has been a feature of the Western
culture only since the industrial process in the Western communities has
come to be substantially a process of mechanical contrivances in which
man's office is that of discrimination and valuation of material forces.
Science has flourished somewhat in the same degree as the industrial
life of the community has conformed to this pattern, and somewhat in
the same degree as the industrial interest has dominated the community's
life. And science, and scientific theory especially, has made headway
in the several departments of human life and knowledge in proportion
as each of these several departments has successively come into closer
contact with the industrial process and the economic interest;
or perhaps it is truer to say, in proportion as each of them has
successively escaped from the dominance of the conceptions of personal
relation or status, and of the derivative canons of anthropomorphic
fitness and honorific worth.

It is only as the exigencies of modern industrial life have enforced the
recognition of causal sequence in the practical contact of mankind with
their environment, that men have come to systematize the phenomena of
this environment and the facts of their own contact with it in terms
of causal sequence. So that while the higher learning in its best
development, as the perfect flower of scholasticism and classicism, was
a by-product of the priestly office and the life of leisure, so modern
science may be said to be a by-product of the industrial process.
Through these groups of men, then--investigators, savants, scientists,
inventors, speculators--most of whom have done their most telling work
outside the shelter of the schools, the habits of thought enforced
by the modern industrial life have found coherent expression and
elaboration as a body of theoretical science having to do with the
causal sequence of phenomena. And from this extra-