8b. Leafy twigs not distinctly flattened --9.

9a. Leaves opposite --10.

9b. Leaves in whorls of three --11.

10a. Erect shrub or tree =Red Cedar, Juniperus virginiana.=

10b. Prostrate or spreading shrub
=Creeping Cedar, Juniperus horizontalis.=

11a. Erect shrub or small tree =Juniper, Juniperus communis.=

11b. Spreading or ascending shrub, growing in dense mats
=Low Juniper, Juniperus communis var. depressa.=

TAXACEAE, the Yew Family

Shrubs, with needle-like evergreen leaves; fruit red and berry-like.

One species in Michigan; straggling shrub 1-3 m. high
=Ground Hemlock, Taxus canadensis.=

TYPHACEAE, the Cat-tail Family

Erect plants 1-2 m. high, with linear leaves and terminal spikes of
brown flowers, appearing in summer.

1a. Staminate and pistillate portions of the flower-spike contiguous,
the latter 2.5 cm. in diameter =Common Cat-tail, Typha latifolia.=

1b. Staminate and pistillate portions of the spike separated, the latter
2 cm. or less in diameter
=Narrow-leaved Cat-tail, Typha angustifolia.=

SPARGANIACEAE, the Bur-reed Family

Marsh plants with linear leaves and spherical heads of inconspicuous
greenish flowers, appearing in summer.

About 5 species occur in Michigan, of which the commonest is
=Bur-reed, Sparganium eurycarpum.=

NAJADACEAE, the Pondweed Family

Aquatic plants with submerged or floating leaves and inconspicuous
flowers in summer.

1a. Leaves opposite or whorled --2.

1b. Leaves alternate --2c.

2a. Leaves thread-like, 3-8 cm. long
=Horned Pondweed, Zannichellia palustris.=

2b. Leaves linear, toothed, abruptly dilated at the base, 3 cm.
long or less (Naiad) --3.

2c. Leaves entire, not abruptly dilated at base
[2]=Pondweed, Potamogeton spp.=

3a. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, sharply and coarsely toothed
=Naiad, Naias marina.=

3b. Leaves very narrowly linear, with numerous minute teeth
=Naiad, Naias flexilis.=

[2] About 30 species of Potamogeton occur in Michigan, among
which the most conspicuous is Potamogeton natans, with elliptical