the cambium in the main crotches of a Stambaugh
tree with a trunk about 14 inches in diameter was killed. This tree was
destroyed in a windstorm in August, 1948, but it is not clear that the
breakage was related to the winter killing in 1947-48. None of the trees
now has a good crop, which may be or may not be related to the frost in
the fall. It is entirely possible that failure to form blossom buds is
caused either by killing of bud primordia or more likely by depletion of
carbohydrate reserves due to the loss of leaves in early fall.

One seedling of Carpathian walnut was not damaged seriously except for
some slight terminal twig killing. Another tree, however, had most of
the smaller branches killed. Hickories and chestnuts were apparently
not seriously damaged but some seedlings of the Japanese walnut were
killed to the ground.

+Walnut and Hickory Plantings+

At the orchard of the Department of Pomology of Cornell University there
is a large collection of walnut and hickory varieties and other nut
trees. It is not known exactly what the temperatures were in this
location but an exposed location half a mile distant had a minimum
September temperature recorded of 24 deg.F. and minimum winter temperature
of -20 deg.F. The planting in question is on two levels and on a hillside.
The damage on the hillside and the upper level was relatively less than
on the lowlands where apparently the air drainage was poor. Probably the
temperature in the lowlands may have reached 20 deg.F. in September and
-25 deg.F. in the winter. At any rate, the damage to the trees was much more
severe than in the West Hill location where the temperature reached
23 deg.F. in September.

Injury to the black walnut on the higher land and on the hillside was
mostly the killing back of the twigs and smaller branches. On some
trees, the petioles of last year's leaves were still attached to the
dead twigs late the following summer, showing that the freeze occurred
before the abscission layers had formed. The dozen or more varieties of
black walnut on the higher land showed little difference between them
except that the Elmer Myers showed somewhat greater injury. On the low
ground, many varieties including Murphy, Edmunds, Benton, Ohio, Todd,
and Stambaugh were killed to the ground or back to the main branches of
the trunk. Of three Thomas trees, about 20 years old, one was killed
outright, one severely injured, and the other injured only in the t