r of 6" or so.

(Mr. R. B. Clapper thinks it is probably due to the absence of an old,
infected stump that this greater height is reached.)

8. Ringing by the blight does not necessarily force the flowers and
nuts. The woodlands abound with chestnut sprouts in all stages of
girdling without pollen or fruit.

When I have my trees in bearing, I will be glad to furnish pollen and
nuts from them to anyone that pursues the important work of trying to
improve what I consider the most promising nut tree we yet know.

Winter Injury to Nut Trees at Ithaca, New York, in the Fall and Winter
of 1947-48

L. H. MacDANIELS and DAMON BOYNTON, Ithaca, N. Y.

The winter of 1947-48 caused more damage to nut trees at Ithaca, New
York, than any since 1933-34. It was a combination of a series of early
freezes followed by sub-zero temperature in mid-winter. Apparently the
most injury was done by the fall freezes. These occurred on September
25, 26, and 27. On each successive night the temperature dropped lower
than the preceding, and on September 27 was around 20 deg.F. There was
considerable variation in temperature related to exposure, air drainage
conditions, and other factors.

On West Hill in Ithaca the minimum temperature recorded on September 27
was 23 deg.F. Injury to leaves and nuts was severe. Within a few days the
leaves had shrivelled and dried on the trees. It was apparent that this
early freeze came before the abscission layers were formed in the leaf
bases or growth matured. Ordinarily, a hard freeze late in the season
will cause the trees to drop the leaves the next day. The nuts on the
trees were frozen solid and mostly turned black within a few days and
began to shrivel. Development was stopped, with the result that the nuts
on all varieties were very poorly filled. The cavities appeared on first
cracking to be full of kernel, but on drying these shrunk so that they
were practically valueless. Some of the nuts were planted in a nursery
row in the fall and germinated fairly early, showing viable embryos in
spite of arrested development.

During the winter the temperature fell to -25 deg.F, a temperature which
ordinarily would not damage black walnuts seriously. It is impossible to
separate the effect of the low winter temperatures from that of the
early freeze in September. In this location the net result of the early
freeze and the severe winter was to kill vigorously growing grafts on
the walnut trees. Also